📚 Year 11 CIE Biology: Quick Memorisation Guide for Key Vocabulary | Year 11 CIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering biological vocabulary is essential for excelling in Year 11 CIE Biology. This guide presents key terms grouped by topic, along with memory tricks to help you retain them efficiently.
掌握生物学术语对于在Year 11 CIE生物中取得优异成绩至关重要。本指南按主题分组呈现关键术语，并提供记忆技巧帮助您高效记忆。
1. Cell Structures and Organelles | 细胞结构和细胞器
The nucleus controls all cell activities and contains genetic material (DNA). Think of it as the 'brain' of the cell.
细胞核控制所有细胞活动，并包含遗传物质（DNA）。把它想象成细胞的“大脑”。
Mitochondria perform aerobic respiration to release energy. Remember: 'Mighty Mitochondria' power the cell.
线粒体进行有氧呼吸以释放能量。记住：“强大的线粒体”为细胞提供能量。
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis in plant cells. Link 'chloro' to green.
叶绿体含有叶绿素，是植物细胞中进行光合作用的场所。将“chloro”与绿色联系起来。
Cell membrane is partially permeable, controlling what enters and leaves the cell.
细胞膜是部分透性的，控制物质进出细胞。
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, found on rough ER or free in cytoplasm.
核糖体是蛋白质合成的场所，位于粗面内质网上或游离在细胞质中。
2. Movement Across Membranes | 跨膜运输
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration, down a concentration gradient, without energy.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，沿浓度梯度进行，不消耗能量。
Think of diffusion as a drop of ink spreading in water.
想象扩散就像一滴墨水在水中扩散开。
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution.
渗透是水分子通过部分透性膜从稀溶液向浓溶液移动的过程。
Remember: 'Osmosis is water' – it only refers to water movement.
记住：“渗透就是水”——它只涉及水分子运动。
Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using energy from respiration.
主动运输利用呼吸作用产生的能量，逆浓度梯度运输物质。
3. Biological Molecules | 生物大分子
Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; glucose is a simple sugar with formula C₆H₁₂O₆.
碳水化合物含有碳、氢和氧；葡萄糖是一种简单糖，化学式为C₆H₁₂O₆。
Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. 'Amino' means nitrogen-containing.
蛋白质由氨基酸通过肽键连接而成。“Amino”意为含氮。
Lipids are fats and oils, made of glycerol and fatty acids; they provide insulation and long-term energy storage.
脂质是脂肪和油，由甘油和脂肪酸组成；它们提供绝缘和长期能量储存。
DNA is a double helix containing genetic code; remember base pairing: A–T, C–G.
DNA是双螺旋结构，包含遗传密码；记住碱基配对：A–T，C–G。
Starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides; starch in plants, glycogen in animals.
淀粉和糖原是贮存多糖；淀粉存在于植物，糖原存在于动物。
4. Enzymes | 酶
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being used up.
酶是生物催化剂，加速反应而自身不被消耗。
The active site is a specific region where the substrate fits – the 'lock and key' model.
活性位点是底物结合的特定区域——“锁与钥匙”模型。
Denaturation occurs when high temperature or extreme pH changes the shape of the active site, so it no longer works.
当高温或极端pH改变活性位点的形状时就会发生变性，酶不再起作用。
Optimum temperature for human enzymes is around 37 °C.
人类酶的最适温度约为37 °C。
Enzyme names often end in '-ase', e.g., amylase breaks down starch.
酶的名称常以“-ase”结尾，例如淀粉酶分解淀粉。
5. Photosynthesis | 光合作用
Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
光合作用将光能转化为葡萄糖形式的化学能。
tion: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，需要光和叶绿素。
Chlorophyll absorbs mainly red and blue light, reflecting green light.
叶绿素主要吸收红光和蓝光，反射绿光。
Limiting factors: light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.
限制因素：光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度。
Remember: 'Photo' means light, 'synthesis' means making something.
记住：“Photo”意为光，“synthesis”意为合成。
6. Diet and Digestive System | 饮食和消化系统
A balanced diet includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre.
均衡饮食包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类、维生素、矿物质、水和纤维。
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion are the stages of nutrition.
摄食、消化、吸收、同化和排遗是营养的各个阶段。
Peristalsis is wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the gut.
蠕动是波状的肌肉收缩，推动食物沿肠道移动。
Villi in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption of nutrients.
小肠内的绒毛增加了吸收营养物质的表面积。
Key enzymes: amylase breaks down starch, protease breaks down proteins, lipase breaks down fats.
关键酶：淀粉酶分解淀粉，蛋白酶分解蛋白质，脂肪酶分解脂肪。
7. Transport in Plants | 植物运输
Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves, made of dead cells.
木质部将水和矿物质从根部运输到叶片，由死细胞组成。
Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids (translocation), made of living cells.
韧皮部运输蔗糖和氨基酸（转移），由活细胞组成。
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from leaves, creating a pull that draws water up.
蒸腾作用是水分从叶片蒸发，产生拉力将水向上吸。
Root hair cells absorb water by osmosis and minerals by active transport.
根毛细胞通过渗透吸水，通过主动运输吸收矿物质。
Pathway: root hair → root cortex → xylem → leaf mesophyll.
途径：根毛 → 根皮层 → 木质部 → 叶肉细胞。
8. Gas Exchange and Breathing | 气体交换与呼吸
Inhalation: diaphragm contracts and flattens, intercostal muscles contract, chest volume increases, air pressure drops.
吸气：膈肌收缩变平，肋间肌收缩，胸腔容积增大，气压降低。
Alveoli are tiny air sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs; they have thin walls and a large surface area.
肺泡是肺内进行气体交换的微小气囊；它们壁薄，表面积大。
Oxygen diffuses into blood, carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood.
氧气扩散入血，二氧化碳扩散出血。
Goblet cells produce mucus to trap pathogens, ciliated cells move mucus upwards.
杯状细胞产生黏液捕获病原体，纤毛细胞将黏液向上扫动。
Smoking damages cilia, leading to emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
吸烟损害纤毛，导致肺气肿和慢性支气管炎。
9. Transport in Animals | 动物运输
Blood components: red blood cells (carry oxygen, no nucleus), white blood cells (defence), platelets (clotting), plasma (transports dissolved substances).
血液成分：红细胞（运氧，无核）、白细胞（防御）、血小板（凝血）、血浆（运输溶解物质）。
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, thick muscular walls; veins return blood, contain valves.
动脉将血液带离心脏，管壁厚而富有肌肉；静脉将血液送回，含有瓣膜。
Capillaries are one-cell thick for exchange of materials.
毛细血管壁仅一层细胞厚，便于物质交换。
The heart has four chambers: atria receive blood, ventricles pump blood out.
心脏有四个腔室：心房接受血液，心室泵出血液。
Double circulation: pulmonary circuit to lungs, systemic circuit to body.
双循环：肺循环到肺，体循环到全身。
10. Respiration | 呼吸作用
iration uses oxygen to release energy: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy.
有氧呼吸利用氧气释放能量：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 能量。
, glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy; in muscles, glucose → lactic acid + energy.
无氧呼吸在无氧条件下发生：酵母中，葡萄糖 → 乙醇 + 二氧化碳 + 能量；肌肉中，葡萄糖 → 乳酸 + 能量。
ATP is the energy currency of the cell, produced in mitochondria.
ATP是细胞的能量货币，在线粒体中产生。
Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid after exercise.
氧债是运动后分解乳酸所需的氧气量。
Respiration differs from breathing: respiration is a chemical process in cells; breathing is ventilation.
呼吸作用不同于呼吸：呼吸作用是细胞内的化学过程；呼吸是通气。
11. Coordination and Response | 协调与反应
imulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector → response.
神经系统：刺激 → 感受器 → 感觉神经元 → 联络神经元 → 运动神经元 → 效应器 → 反应。
Synapses are gaps between neurones where neurotransmitters are released.
突触是神经元之间的间隙，释放神经递质。
Reflex actions are automatic and rapid, bypassing the conscious brain (reflex arc).
反射动作是自动且快速的，绕过意识大脑（反射弧）。
Endocrine system uses hormones, chemical messengers transported in blood.
内分泌系统使用激素，即通过血液运输的化学信使。
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, e.g., thermoregulation, blood glucose control.
稳态是维持恒定内环境，如体温调节、血糖控制。
12. Reproduction | 生殖
Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring (clones) from one parent, e.g., binary fission in bacteria.
无性生殖产生遗传相同的后代（克隆），由一个亲本完成，如细菌的二分裂。
Sexual reproduction involves fusion of gametes (fertilisation), producing variation.
有性生殖涉及配子融合（受精），产生变异。
In flowering plants, pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
在开花植物中，授粉是花粉从花药传到柱头的过程。
Fertilisation: pollen tube grows down style, male gamete fuses with ovule.
受精：花粉管沿花柱向下生长，雄配子与胚珠融合。
Human reproductive system: ovaries produce eggs, testes produce sperm; fertilisation occurs in oviduct.
人类生殖系统：卵巢产生卵子，睾丸产生精子；受精发生在输卵管。
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