📚 Year 10 SQA Psychology: Key Vocabulary Quick-Reference Guide | SQA心理学词汇速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of psychology is essential for success in your SQA Year 10 course. This guide provides clear definitions and memory-friendly explanations for the most important terms you'll encounter.
掌握心理学词汇是在 SQA 十年级课程中取得成功的关键。本指南为你将遇到的最重要术语提供了清晰的定义和便于记忆的解释。
1. Research Methods Terms | 研究方法术语
A key term in any psychological investigation is 'aim', which states the purpose of the research.
任何心理学研究中的一个关键术语是“目的”（aim），它陈述研究的目标。
An experiment is a method where the researcher manipulates an independent variable to measure its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions.
实验是一种在受控条件下研究者操纵自变量以测量其对因变量影响的方法。
A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables; it often takes the form 'If... then...'
假设是对两个或多个变量之间关系的可检验的预测；通常以“如果……那么……”的形式出现。
The term 'standardised procedure' means that all participants experience exactly the same process, which ensures reliability.
“标准化程序”一词意味着所有参与者经历完全相同的过程，这确保了可靠性。
'Confounding variable' refers to any extra factor that could affect the dependent variable and undermine the internal validity of the study.
“混淆变量”指任何可能影响因变量并破坏研究内部效度的额外因素。
2. Variables and Operationalisation | 变量与操作化
The independent variable (IV) is the variable that the experimenter deliberately changes or manipulates, such as the amount of caffeine given.
自变量 (IV) 是实验者故意改变或操纵的变量，例如给予的咖啡因量。
The dependent variable (DV) is what is measured; for instance, the reaction time in a driving simulation.
因变量 (DV) 是被测量的内容；例如，驾驶模拟中的反应时间。
Operationalisation means defining the variables in a precise, measurable way so that another researcher could replicate the study.
操作化意味着以精确、可测量的方式定义变量，以便其他研究者可以重复该研究。
An extraneous variable is any variable (other than the IV) that could influence the DV, such as noise or fatigue, and researchers try to control these.
额外变量是指除了自变量之外可能影响因变量的任何变量，如噪音或疲劳，研究者试图控制它们。
Understand 'demand characteristics': cues in an experiment that might let participants guess the aim and change their behaviour.
理解“要求特征”：实验中可能让参与者猜到研究目的并改变行为的线索。
3. Experimental Designs | 实验设计
In an independent groups design, different participants take part in each condition of the experiment, avoiding order effects.
在独立组设计中，不同的参与者参加实验的每个条件，避免了顺序效应。
Repeated measures design means the same participants experience all conditions; this reduces participant variables but may cause order effects.
重复测量设计意味着同一批参与者经历所有条件；这减少了参与者变量，但可能导致顺序效应。
Matched pairs design pairs participants based on key characteristics (e.g., IQ) and assigns one to each condition, balancing control and practicality.
配对组设计根据关键特征（如智商）将参与者配对，并分配一人到一种条件，平衡了控制与实用性。
Order effects can be countered by counterbalancing, where the sequence of conditions is varied across participants.
可以通过平衡法来消除顺序效应，即让不同参与者以不同顺序经历条件。
Random allocation ensures each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any condition, reducing bias.
随机分配确保每个参与者有同等机会被分配到任何条件，从而减少偏差。
4. Ethical Issues and Guidelines | 伦理问题与指导原则
Informed consent requires that participants are told the true nature of the study (where possible) and agree to take part without pressure.
知情同意要求参与者了解研究的真实性质（可能的情况下）并在没有压力的情况下同意参加。
Deception is sometimes used but must be justified; participants should be debriefed afterwards to reveal the full purpose.
欺骗有时会被使用，但必须证明其合理性；实验后应向参与者进行事后解释，揭示全部目的。
Confidentiality means that personal data is kept secure and participants' identities are not disclosed in published results.
保密意味着个人数据被安全保存，参与者的身份不会在发表的结果中披露。
The right to withdraw allows participants to leave the study at any time, and their data would be removed.
退出权允许参与者随时离开研究，他们的数据也会被删除。
Protection from harm states that participants should not experience physical or psychological distress greater than in everyday life.
免受伤害原则规定参与者不应承受比日常生活中更大的身体或心理痛苦。
5. Biological Psychology Basics | 生物心理学基础
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord; it processes incoming information and coordinates responses.
中枢神经系统 (CNS) 由大脑和脊髓组成；它处理传入的信息并协调反应。
A neuron is a nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses; key parts include the axon, dendrites and myelin sheath.
神经元是传递电冲动的神经细胞；关键部分包括轴突、树突和髓鞘。
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers, such as dopamine and serotonin, that cross synapses to send signals between neurons.
神经递质是化学信使，如多巴胺和血清素，它们穿过突触在神经元之间传递信号。
The phrase 'localisation of function' describes how specific brain areas are responsible for particular tasks, e.g., the visual cortex for sight.
“功能定位”描述了特定大脑区域负责特定任务，例如视觉皮层负责视觉。
The autonomic nervous system controls automatic bodily functions like heart rate and can be divided into the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) branches.
自主神经系统控制心率等自动身体功能，可分为交感神经分支（战斗或逃跑）和副交感神经分支（休息与消化）。
6. Cognitive Psychology: Memory | 认知心理学：记忆
The multi-store model of memory proposes three stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
记忆的多重存储模型提出了三个存储库：感觉登记器、短期记忆 (STM) 和长期记忆 (LTM)。
Encoding means transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored; STM often encodes acoustically, while LTM uses semantic encoding.
编码是指将感觉输入转换成可存储的形式；短期记忆常进行听觉编码，而长期记忆使用语义编码。
Duration refers to how long information lasts: STM duration is around 18-30 seconds without rehearsal.
持续时间指信息能保持多久：在没有复述的情况下，短期记忆的持续时间约为 18-30 秒。
is the amount of information a store can hold; STM capacity is famously 7±2 items (Miller's magic number).
容量是指一个存储库能容纳的信息量；短期记忆的容量就是著名的 7±2 个项目（米勒的魔法数字）。
Rehearsal is consciously repeating information to keep it in STM or transfer it to LTM; maintenance rehearsal simply repeats, while elaborative rehearsal links to existing knowledge.
复述是有意识地重复信息，以将其保留在短期记忆中或转移到长期记忆；维持性复述只是简单重复，而精细复述则与已有知识关联。
Forgetting can be explained by interference (proactive and retroactive) or retrieval failure due to insufficient cues.
遗忘可以用干扰（前摄干扰和倒摄干扰）来解释，或者由于缺乏线索导致的提取失败。
7. Social Psychology: Conformity and Obedience | 社会心理学：从众与服从
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief to align with the norms of a group, often driven by normative or informational social influence.
从众是指为了与群体规范一致而改变行为或信念，通常由规范性社会影响或信息性社会影响驱动。
Asch's conformity study used lines of different lengths and showed that participants often gave an obviously wrong answer to match the majority.
阿希的从众研究使用了不同长度的线条，结果显示参与者常常给出明显错误的答案以迎合多数人。
Obedience involves following a direct command from an authority figure; Milgram's electric shock experiment famously revealed high levels of obedience.
服从涉及听从权威人物的直接命令；米尔格拉姆的电击实验著名地揭示了高水平的服从。
Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to exert less effort in a group task than when working alone, especially when individual contributions are anonymous.
社会懈怠是指个体在群体任务中比单独工作时付出更少努力的趋势，尤其是当个人贡献匿名时。
Bystander intervention (or apathy) describes how the presence of other people reduces the likelihood of helping; the term 'diffusion of responsibility' explains this.
旁观者干预（或冷漠）描述了他人在场如何降低帮助的可能性；“责任分散”一词可以解释这一点。
8. Developmental Psychology: Attachment | 发展心理学：依恋
Attachment is a deep emotional bond between an infant and caregiver, influencing emotional and social development.
依恋是婴儿与照料者之间深厚的情感纽带，影响着情感和社会发展。
Bowlby's theory viewed attachment as innate and critical for survival; he proposed the 'internal working model' shaping future relationships.
鲍尔比的理论将依恋视为先天性的，对生存至关重要；他提出了塑造未来关系的“内部工作模型”。
The Strange Situation procedure (Ainsworth) classified attachment types: secure (Type B), insecure-avoidant (Type A) and insecure-resistant (Type C).
陌生情境法（安斯沃思）将依恋类型分类为：安全型 (B 型)、不安全-回避型 (A 型) 和不安全-抵抗型 (C 型)。
Imprinting, investigated by Lorenz, showed that goslings would follow the first moving object they saw after hatching, highlighting a critical period.
洛伦兹研究的印刻效应表明，小鹅在孵化后会跟随它们看到的第一个移动物体，突显了关键期的存在。
Maternal deprivation refers to the disruption of the attachment bond and can lead to long-term emotional difficulties, according to Bowlby.
根据鲍尔比，母爱剥夺指依恋纽带的中断，并可能导致长期的情感困难。
9. Individual Differences: Mental Health | 个体差异：心理健康
The definition of abnormality often uses 'deviation from social norms' – behaviour that significantly differs from accepted standards in a culture.
异常的定义常使用“偏离社会规范”——明显不同于文化中公认标准的行为。
Failure to function adequately is another definition, focusing on when a person cannot cope with everyday life demands.
无法充分发挥功能是另一种定义，关注的是个人无法应对日常生活需求的情况。
A phobia is an irrational and persistent fear of an object, place or situation; it is typically treated with systematic desensitisation.
恐惧症是对物体、地点或情境的非理性和持续的恐惧；通常使用系统脱敏法进行治疗。
Depression is a mood disorder featuring low mood, loss of interest and energy; cognitive explanations highlight negative schemas and the cognitive triad.
抑郁症是一种情绪障碍，特征为情绪低落、兴趣和精力丧失；认知解释强调负面图式和认知三联。
Psychopathology can be explained by biological factors (e.g., neurotransmitter imbalances) or psychological factors (e.g., learned helplessness).
精神病理学可以用生物学因素（如神经递质失衡）或心理学因素（如习得性无助）来解释。
10. Data Handling and Statistics | 数据处理与统计
Quantitative data is numerical (e.g., scores, reaction times) and can be analysed statistically; it is easy to summarise but may lack depth.
定量数据是数字形式的（如分数、反应时间），可以用统计方法分析；它易于总结，但可能缺乏深度。
Qualitative data is descriptive (e.g., interview transcripts) and provides rich detail, though it is harder to analyse objectively.
定性数据是描述性的（如访谈记录），提供丰富的细节，但较难客观分析。
The mean is the arithmetic average; it is sensitive to outliers. The median is the middle value, unaffected by extreme scores.
平均数是算术平均值；它对异常值敏感。中位数是中间值，不受极端分数的影响。
The mode is the most frequently occurring score. Range is the difference between the highest and lowest values.
众数是出现次数最多的分数。极差是最高值和最低值之间的差。
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