Year 10 SQA Science: Quick Formula & Theorem Reference | Year 10 SQA 科学：公式定理速查手册

2026-07-20 14:38 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 10 SQA Science: Quick Formula & Theorem Reference | Year 10 SQA 科学：公式定理速查手册

The National 5 Science curriculum requires students to recall, understand, and apply a range of key formulas and theorems across Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. This bilingual quick reference handbook brings together the most essential equations and principles, helping you revise efficiently for assessments and exams.

SQA National 5 科学课程要求学生记忆、理解并应用物理、化学和生物中一系列关键公式与定理。这份双语速查手册汇集了最核心的方程式和原理，帮助你有针对性地进行复习，高效应对评估与考试。

1. Motion and Kinematics | 运动学

Average speed is the distance travelled per unit time. When an object accelerates uniformly, a set of SUVAT equations describes its motion.

平均速率是单位时间内移动的距离。当物体匀加速运动时，一组 SUVAT 方程可以描述其运动。

Average speed: v = s / t (v: speed, s: distance, t: time)
平均速率：v = s / t（v: 速率，s: 路程，t: 时间）
Acceleration: a = (v - u) / t (u: initial velocity, v: final velocity)
加速度：a = (v - u) / t（u: 初速度，v: 末速度）
Equations for uniform acceleration:
匀加速运动方程：

v = u + at

s = ut + ½at²

v² = u² + 2as

s = ½(u + v)t

Note: s is displacement, measured in metres (m). '½' denotes one half.

注意：s 代表位移，单位为米（m）。'½' 表示二分之一。

2. Forces and Pressure | 力与压强

Newton’s second law relates force, mass and acceleration. Weight is the force of gravity on a mass. Pressure measures how concentrated a force is on a surface.

牛顿第二定律将力、质量和加速度联系起来。重量是重力对质量的作用力。压强衡量力在表面上的集中程度。

Force (Newton’s 2nd law): F = m × a (F: force in N, m: mass in kg, a: acceleration in m/s²)
力（牛顿第二定律）：F = m × a（F: 力，单位牛[顿]；m: 质量，千克；a: 加速度，米/秒²）
Weight: W = m × g (g = 9.8 m/s² on Earth, often taken as 10 m/s² in SQA calculations)
重量：W = m × g（g 在地球上为 9.8 m/s²，SQA 计算中常取 10 m/s²）
Pressure: p = F / A (p: pressure in Pa, F: force in N, A: area in m²)
压强：p = F / A（p: 压强，帕斯卡；F: 力，牛；A: 受力面积，米²）
Moment of a force: M = F × d (d: perpendicular distance from pivot in m)
力矩：M = F × d（d: 力到支点的垂直距离，米）

3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. Kinetic energy depends on mass and speed; gravitational potential energy depends on height.

能量不能创造或消灭，只能转化。动能取决于质量和速度；重力势能取决于高度。

Kinetic energy: Eₖ = ½mv²
动能：Eₖ = ½mv²
Gravitational potential energy: Eₚ = mgh (h: height in m)
重力势能：Eₚ = mgh（h: 高度，米）
Work done: W = F × d (Work is equal to energy transferred)
做功：W = F × d（做功等于转移的能量）
Power: P = E / t or P = W / t (P in watts, t in seconds)
功率：P = E / t 或 P = W / t（P: 瓦特，t: 秒）
Efficiency: Efficiency = (useful energy output / total energy input) × 100%
效率：效率 =（有用的能量输出 / 总能量输入）× 100%

4. Electricity | 电学

Charge, current, voltage and resistance are linked by fundamental relationships. Understanding how components behave in series and parallel circuits is essential.

电荷、电流、电压和电阻通过基本关系相互联系。理解元件在串联和并联电路中的行为至关重要。

Charge: Q = I × t (Q: charge in coulombs, I: current in amps, t: time in seconds)
电荷：Q = I × t（Q: 电荷，库仑；I: 电流，安培；t: 时间，秒）
Ohm’s law: V = I × R (V: voltage in V, R: resistance in Ω)
欧姆定律：V = I × R（V: 电压，伏特；R: 电阻，欧姆）
Electrical power: P = I × V = I²R = V² / R
电功率：P = I × V = I²R = V² / R
Series circuits: R_total = R₁ + R₂ + ... ; current is the same everywhere.
串联电路：总电阻 R_total = R₁ + R₂ + ...；各处电流相等。
Parallel circuits: 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ... ; voltage is the same across branches.
并联电路：1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...；各支路电压相等。

5. Waves | 波

All waves transfer energy without transferring matter. The wave speed equation links frequency and wavelength.

所有波都传递能量而不传递物质。波速公式将频率和波长联系在一起。

Wave speed: v = f × λ (v: speed in m/s, f: frequency in Hz, λ: wavelength in m)
波速：v = f × λ（v: 波速，米/秒；f: 频率，赫兹；λ: 波长，米）
Period: T = 1 / f (T: period in seconds)
周期：T = 1 / f（T: 周期，秒）

r electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the speed v is the speed of light, c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s.

对于真空中的电磁波，波速 v 为光速 c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s。

In refraction, frequency remains constant; wavelength and speed change when a wave enters a new medium.

在折射中，频率保持不变；当波进入新介质时，波长和波速发生变化。

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6. Gas Laws | 气体定律

The behaviour of an ideal gas can be described by three simple laws that relate pressure, volume and temperature (in kelvin).

理想气体的行为可以用三个简单定律来描述，它们将压强、体积和温度（开尔文）联系在一起。

Boyle’s law (constant temperature): p₁V₁ = p₂V₂ or pV = constant
玻意耳定律（恒温）：p₁V₁ = p₂V₂ 或 pV = 常数
Charles’ law (constant pressure): V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂ or V ∝ T
查理定律（恒压）：V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂ 或 V ∝ T
Gay-Lussac’s law (constant volume): p₁ / T₁ = p₂ / T₂ or p ∝ T
盖-吕萨克定律（恒容）：p₁ / T₁ = p₂ / T₂ 或 p ∝ T

Combined gas law: p₁V₁ / T₁ = p₂V₂ / T₂

通用气体定律：p₁V₁ / T₁ = p₂V₂ / T₂

Always convert temperature to kelvin: T(K) = θ(°C) + 273.

始终将温度转换为开尔文：T(K) = θ(°C) + 273。

7. Chemical Quantities and Concentration | 化学计量与浓度

The mole is the unit for amount of substance. Calculations involving mass, moles and solution concentration are fundamental to quantitative chemistry.

摩尔是物质的量的单位。涉及质量、摩尔和溶液浓度的计算是定量化学的基础。

Number of moles (from mass): n = m / M (n: moles in mol, m: mass in g, M: molar mass in g/mol)
摩尔数（由质量计算）：n = m / M（n: 摩尔，mol；m: 质量，克；M: 摩尔质量，g/mol）
Concentration: c = n / V (c: concentration in mol/L, V: volume in litres)
浓度：c = n / V（c: 浓度，mol/L；V: 体积，升）
Dilution of solutions: V₁ = c₂V₂ (where c₁ and V₁ are initial concentration and volume, c₂ and V₂ after dilution)
溶液稀释：c₁V₁ = c₂V₂（c₁ 和 V₁ 为初始浓度和体积，c₂ 和 V₂ 为稀释后）

In a balanced equation, coefficient ratios give mole ratios, allowing mass of reactants or products to be predicted.

在配平的化学方程式中，系数之比就是摩尔比，据此可预测反应物或产物的质量。

8. Reaction Rates | 反应速率

The rate of a chemical reaction can be measured by following the change in quantity of a reactant or product over time.

化学反应速率可通过跟踪反应物或产物的量随时间的变化来测定。

Average rate: Rate = Δ quantity / Δ time (e.g., Δ mass / Δ time, Δ volume / Δ time)
平均速率：速率 = 变化量 / 变化时间（如 Δ 质量 / Δ 时间，Δ 体积 / Δ 时间）

Rate can be increased by raising temperature, increasing concentration, increasing surface area, or adding a catalyst. Collision theory explains these effects.

升高温度、增大浓度、增加表面积或加入催化剂均可提高反应速率。碰撞理论解释了这些影响。

9. Acids and Bases | 酸与碱

SQA National 5 chemistry covers neutralisation reactions, in which acids react with bases to form salt and water.

SQA National 5 化学涵盖中和反应：酸与碱反应生成盐和水。

General neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water
一般中和反应：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水
Titration calculation (1:1 ratio): c_acid × V_acid = c_base × V_base (for monoprotic acids and monoacidic bases)
滴定计算（1:1 反应）：c_酸 × V_酸 = c_碱 × V_碱（对于一元酸和一元碱）

utral, greater than 7 is alkaline. The formula pH = -log₁₀[H⁺] is introduced conceptually.

pH 标度衡量酸碱度；pH < 7 为酸性，= 7 为中性，> 7 为碱性。公式 pH = -log₁₀[H⁺] 作为概念引入。

Common acids used include HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃; common alkalis include NaOH, KOH.

常用酸有 HCl、H₂SO₄、HNO₃；常用碱有 NaOH、KOH。

10. Biology Essentials: Equations and Sampling | 生物基础：方程式与取样

Biology in National 5 requires recall of key word equations for photosynthesis and respiration, as well as ecological sampling methods.

National 5 生物学要求记忆光合作用和呼吸作用的关键文字方程式，以及生态取样方法。

Photosynthesis (word equation): carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (in the presence of light and chlorophyll)
光合作用（文字方程式）：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气（在光和叶绿素存在下）
Respiration (aerobic word equation): glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
有氧呼吸（文字方程式）：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 能量（ATP）
Balanced symbol equations: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (photosynthesis); C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (respiration) – for extension
配平化学符号方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂（光合作用）；C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O（呼吸作用）——拓展内容