📚 OCR Engineering Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide for Year 11 | Year 11 OCR 工程词汇术语速记指南
Engineering at Year 11 level introduces a wide range of technical vocabulary that can feel overwhelming. This revision guide groups essential OCR Engineering terms into logical categories, providing clear English definitions followed by their Chinese equivalents. Use it alongside your class notes and past papers to reinforce your understanding of key concepts across materials, manufacturing, electronics, mechanics, and design.
Year 11 工程课程涉及大量专业术语，初次接触时容易感到困惑。这份速记指南将 OCR 工程核心词汇按主题分类，提供清晰的英文定义以及对应的中文解释。请结合课堂笔记与历年真题使用，帮助你巩固材料、制造、电子、力学以及设计等关键领域的知识。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Tensile strength – the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking.
抗拉强度 – 材料在被拉伸或拉扯直至断裂前所能承受的最大应力。
Compressive strength – the capacity of a material to withstand loads that tend to reduce size.
抗压强度 – 材料承受趋向于使其尺寸减小的载荷的能力。
Hardness – resistance to indentation, scratching, or surface abrasion.
硬度 – 材料抵抗压痕、划伤或表面磨损的能力。
Toughness – the ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing.
韧性 – 材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不发生断裂的能力。
Ductility – how easily a material can be drawn into a wire under tension.
延展性 – 材料在拉力下被拉拔成丝线的难易程度。
Malleability – the ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking.
可锻性 – 材料能被锤打或轧制成薄板而不会开裂的能力。
Elasticity – the tendency to return to original shape after the removal of a deforming force.
弹性 – 外力移除后材料恢复原始形状的趋势。
2. Metals and Alloys | 金属与合金
Ferrous metals – metals that contain iron (Fe) and are generally magnetic, such as mild steel and cast iron.
黑色金属 – 含铁的金属，一般具有磁性，如低碳钢和铸铁。
Non-ferrous metals – metals that do not contain iron, such as aluminium, copper, and zinc; typically non-magnetic and more resistant to corrosion.
有色金属 – 不含铁的金属，如铝、铜和锌；通常无磁性且更耐腐蚀。
Alloy – a metal, designed to improve properties (e.g. stainless steel = iron + chromium + nickel).
合金 – 两种或多种元素（至少一种为金属）的混合物，旨在改善性能（例如不锈钢 = 铁 + 铬 + 镍）。
Mild steel – a ferrous alloy with low carbon content (approx. 0.25%), offering good ductility and weldability.
低碳钢 – 碳含量很低（约 0.25%）的铁合金，具有良好的延展性和可焊性。
Stainless steel – an alloy of iron, chromium (minimum 10.5%), and often nickel; highly resistant to rust and staining.
不锈钢 – 铁、铬（至少 10.5%）和通常含镍的合金；抗锈蚀和污渍能力极强。
3. Polymers, Ceramics, and Composites | 聚合物、陶瓷与复合材料
Thermoplastic – a polymer that becomes soft and mouldable when heated and hardens upon cooling; the process is reversible (e.g. acrylic, polyethylene).
热塑性塑料 – 加热时变软可塑、冷却后变硬的聚合物，此过程可逆（如亚克力、聚乙烯）。
Thermosetting polymer – a polymer that undergoes a chemical change when heated, forming a rigid, cross-linked structure that cannot be remelted (e.g. epoxy resin, melamine).
热固性聚合物 – 加热时发生化学变化，形成交联的硬质结构且不能再熔化（如环氧树脂、三聚氰胺）。
Ceramic – a hard, brittle, heat-resistant inorganic material, usually made from clay and fired at high temperatures (e.g. porcelain, alumina).
陶瓷 – 硬而脆、耐热的无机材料，通常由粘土经高温烧制而成（如瓷器、氧化铝）。
Composite – a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different properties, combined to produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components (e.g. carbon fibre reinforced polymer, fibreglass).
复合材料 – 由两种或多种性质显著不同的组分材料制成，组合后产生与单一组分特性不同的材料（如碳纤维增强聚合物、玻璃纤维）。
Reinforcement – fibres or particles embedded in a matrix to improve mechanical properties like strength and stiffness.
增强体 – 嵌入基体中以改善强度和刚度等力学性能的纤维或颗粒。
4. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting – pouring molten metal or liquid plastic into a mould cavity where it solidifies, taking the shape of the mould.
铸造 – 将熔融金属或液态塑料倒入模腔中，待其凝固后获得模具形状。
Forging – shaping metal using compressive forces, often at elevated temperatures, to improve grain structure and strength.
锻造 – 使用压缩力（通常在高温下）使金属成形，以改善晶粒结构和强度。
Extrusion – forcing a material through a shaped die to produce long lengths of constant cross-section, like rods, tubes, or profiles.
挤出成型 – 迫使材料通过特定形状的模具，以生产具有恒定横截面的长条，如棒材、管材或型材。
Turning – a machining process on a lathe where a cutting tool removes material from the outside diameter of a rotating workpiece.
车削 – 在车床上进行的机械加工，切削刀具从旋转工件的表面去除材料。
Milling – a machining process using rotating multi-point cutting tools to remove material from a stationary workpiece.
铣削 – 使用旋转的多刃刀具从固定的工件上去除材料的机械加工过程。
Drilling – creating a round hole in a workpiece using a rotating drill bit; often performed on a drill press.
钻孔 – 使用旋转的钻头在工件上加工出圆形孔洞，常在钻床上完成。
5. Joining Techniques | 连接技术
Welding – fusing two pieces of metal together by melting the base metal and adding filler, creating a strong permanent joint.
焊接 – 通过熔化母材并添加填充材料将两块金属熔合在一起，形成牢固的永久连接。
Soldering – joining metals using a low-melting-point filler metal (solder) without melting the base metals; commonly used in electronics.
软钎焊 – 使用低熔点填充金属（焊料）连接金属而不熔化母材；常用于电子领域。
Brazing – similar to soldering but using a higher melting-point filler (above 450 °C) that flows into the joint by capillary action, producing a stronger bond.
硬钎焊 – 与软钎焊类似，但使用较高熔点（高于 450 °C）的填充金属，通过毛细作用流入接缝，产生更强的连接。
Adhesive bonding – using a chemical adhesive (glue) to join materials; suitable for plastics, composites, and dissimilar materials.
粘合连接 – 使用化学粘合剂（胶水）连接材料；适用于塑料、复合材料及异种材料。
Rivet – a mechanical fastener that joins materials by deforming its tail after insertion; permanent and strong.
铆钉 – 一种机械紧固件，在插入后通过变形尾部来连接材料；永久且牢固。
6. Electronics Fundamentals | 电子基础
Voltage (V) – the electrical pressure that pushes current through a circuit; measured in volts (V).
电压 (V) – 推动电流流过电路的电势差；测量单位为伏特 (V)。
Current (I) – the rate of flow of electric charge; measured in amperes (A).
电流 (I) – 电荷流动的速率；测量单位为安培 (A)。
Resistance (R) – the opposition to current flow; measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻 (R) – 对电流流动的阻碍；测量单位为欧姆 (Ω)。
Ohm's Law – the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance:
V = I × R
欧姆定律 – 电压、电流与电阻之间的关系：V = I × R
Power (P) – the rate of energy transfer; in electrical terms, P = V × I; measured in watts (W).
功率 (P) – 能量传递的速率；在电学中，P = V × I；测量单位为瓦特 (W)。
Series circuit – components connected end-to-end so that the same current flows through all parts.
串联电路 – 元件首尾相连，使得所有部分流过同一电流。
Parallel circuit – components connected across common points, providing multiple paths for current; voltage is the same across each branch.
并联电路 – 元件连接在公共节点之间，提供多条电流路径；各支路两端电压相同。
7. Electronic Components | 电子元件
Resistor – a component that limits current and divides voltage; fixed or variable; identified by colour bands or numeric codes.
电阻器 – 限制电流并分压的元件；有固定和可变之分；通过色环或数字代码标识。
Capacitor – stores electrical energy in an electric field; capacitance measured in farads (F) or more commonly microfarads (µF).
电容器 – 在电场中储存电能的元件；电容单位为法拉 (F)，更常用微法 (µF)。
Diode – a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only; used for rectification and protection.
二极管 – 只允许电流单向流动的半导体器件；用于整流和保护。
Light Emitting Diode (LED) – a diode that emits light when forward biased; requires a current-limiting resistor.
发光二极管 (LED) – 正向偏置时发光的二极管；需配合限流电阻使用。
Transistor – a semiconductor device used as a switch or amplifier; three terminals: base, collector, emitter (for bipolar junction transistor).
晶体管 – 用作开关或放大器的半导体器件；三个引脚：基极、集电极、发射极（双极型晶体管）。
Integrated Circuit (IC) – a miniaturised electronic circuit fabricated on a single chip of silicon; used for logic, timing, control, and amplification.
集成电路 (IC) – 在单块硅芯片上制造的微型化电子电路；用于逻辑、定时、控制和放大。
8. Mechanical Systems – Levers and Linkages | 机械系统 – 杠杆与连杆
Lever – a rigid bar that pivots about a fulcrum to multiply the applied force (effort) to overcome a load.
杠杆 – 围绕支点转动的刚性杆，用于放大施加的力（动力）以克服负载。
First-class lever – fulcrum between effort and load (e.g. seesaw, crowbar).
第一类杠杆 – 支点在动力与负载之间（如跷跷板、撬棍）。
Second-class lever – load between fulcrum and effort (e.g. wheelbarrow, nutcracker).
第二类杠杆 – 负载在支点与动力之间（如手推车、核桃夹）。
Third-class lever – effort between fulcrum and load (e.g. tweezers, fishing rod).
第三类杠杆 – 动力在支点与负载之间（如镊子、鱼竿）。
Linkage – a system of rigid bars connected by joints; used to transfer motion and force in a controlled way.
连杆机构 – 由铰链连接的刚性杆组成的系统；用于以可控方式传递运动和力。
Reverse-motion linkage – changes the direction of motion (e.g. a parallel-motion linkage reversing output direction).
反向运动连杆 – 改变运动方向（例如平行运动机构使输出方向反转）。
9. Mechanical Systems – Gears, Pulleys, and Drives | 齿轮、滑轮与传动
Gear – a toothed wheel that meshes with another to transmit torque and change speed or direction.
齿轮 – 带齿的轮子，与另一齿轮啮合以传递扭矩并改变转速或方向。
Gear ratio eeth on driven gear ÷ number of teeth on driver gear; determines speed and torque changes.
齿轮比 = 从动轮齿数 ÷ 主动轮齿数；决定转速和扭矩的变化。
Idler gear – placed between driver and driven to reverse direction without changing gear ratio.
惰轮 – 安装在主动轮与从动轮之间以改变转向但不影响齿轮比。
Pulley – a wheel with a groove for a belt or rope; used to change the direction of a force, transmit rotation, or provide mechanical advantage.
滑轮 – 带有凹槽的轮子，用于皮带或绳索；可改变力的方向、传递旋转或提供机械效益。
Belt drive – a system using a flexible belt looped over pulleys to transfer rotational motion; provides quiet operation and can slip to prevent overload.
皮带传动 – 用柔性皮带环绕滑轮传递旋转运动的系统；运行安静，打滑可防止过载。
Chain drive – uses a chain and sprockets to transfer motion without slipping; used in bicycles and timing mechanisms.
链传动 – 使用链条和链轮无滑动地传递运动；用于自行车和正时机构。
10. Forces, Stress, and Strain | 力、应力与应变
Force (F) – a push or pull that can cause acceleration; measured in newtons (N).
力 (F) – 能引起加速度的推或拉；测量单位为牛顿 (N)。
Stress (σ) – force per unit area within a material: σ = F ÷ A; units are pascals (Pa) or N/m².
应力 (σ) – 材料内部单位面积上的力：σ = F ÷ A；单位为帕斯卡 (Pa) 或 N/m²。
Strain (ε) – when a material is loaded: ε = ΔL ÷ L₀; dimensionless or often expressed as a percentage.
应变 (ε) – 材料受力时单位长度的伸长量：ε = ΔL ÷ L₀；无量纲，常以百分比表示。
Young's modulus (E) – a measure of stiffness: E = stress ÷ strain within the elastic limit.
杨氏模量 (E) – 衡量刚度的指标：E = 应力 ÷ 应变（在弹性极限内）。
Moment – rning effect of a force about a pivot: moment = force × perpendicular distance from pivot.
力矩 – 力绕支点的转动效应：力矩 = 力 × 力臂（垂直距离）。
Equilibrium – a state where the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments, and net force is zero.
平衡 – 顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和且合力为零的状态。
11. Engineering Drawing and CAD | 工程制图与CAD
Orthographic projection – a method of drawing a 3D object using multiple 2D views (typically front, top, and side) aligned in standard positions.
正交投影 – 使用多个按标准位置对齐的二维视图（通常为正视图、俯视图和侧视图）绘制三维物体的方法。
Isometric drawing – a 3D pictorial representation where the three axes are equally inclined (120°) and dimensions are drawn at the same scale, giving a realistic view without perspective.
等轴测图 – 一种三维图示，三根轴线夹角均为 120°，所有尺寸按相同比例绘制，提供无透视的立体感。
Sectional view – a drawing that shows internal features by cutting through the object with an imaginary plane, with cut surfaces cross-hatched.
剖视图 – 通过用假想平面切开物体以显示内部特征，切面用剖面线表示。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) – the use of software to create precise 2D drawings and 3D models; supports simulations, modifications, and rapid design iterations.
CAD（计算机辅助设计） – 使用软件创建精确的二维图纸和三维模型；支持仿真、修改和快速设计迭代。
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) – using computer-controlled machinery to manufacture parts directly from CAD data (e.g. CNC machining).
CAM（计算机辅助制造） – 利用计算机控制的机床直接从 CAD 数据制造零件（如 CNC 加工）。
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) – automated control of machining tools via a program that dictates coordinates, speeds, and tool changes.
CNC（计算机数控） – 通过预设程序控制机床的坐标、速度和换刀，实现自动化加工。
12. Health, Safety, and Quality | 健康、安全与质量
Risk assessment – the process of identifying hazards, evaluating the likelihood and severity of harm, and implementing control measures.
风险评估 – 识别危险、评估危害发生的可能性与严重程度并实施控制措施的过程。
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – equipment worn to minimise exposure to workplace hazards (e.g. goggles, gloves, steel-toe boots, ear defenders).
个人防护装备 (PPE) – 为减少暴露于工作场所危险而穿戴的设备（如护目镜、手套、安全鞋、耳罩）。
Tolerance – ion in a physical dimension; expressed as an upper and lower limit (e.g. 20.00 ± 0.05 mm).
公差 – 物理尺寸允许的变动范围，用上下限表示（如 20.00 ± 0.05 mm）。
Quality control (QC) – the operational techniques and activities used to check that products meet specified requirements, often through inspection and testing.
质量控制 (QC) – 用于检查产品是否满足规定要求的技术和活动，通常通过检验和测试来实现。
Quality assurance (QA) – a systematic approach that focuses on the processes used to achieve quality, aiming to prevent defects rather than detecting them.
质量保证 (QA) – 关注实现质量的过程的系统方法，旨在预防缺陷而非检测缺陷。
Six Sigma – a data-driven methodology for eliminating defects by reducing process variation; often referenced in modern engineering manufacturing.
六西格玛 – 一种通过减少过程变异来消除缺陷的数据驱动方法，在现代工程制造中常被提及。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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