📚 Year 11 OCR Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 11 OCR 音乐：公式定理速查手册
This handbook gathers the most essential theoretical formulas, rules, and quick‑reference facts for the OCR GCSE Music (Year 11) exam. Use it to reinforce interval names, chord spellings, key signatures, cadences, and other fundamental building blocks — all presented as clear, repeatable 'equations' you can memorise.
本手册汇集了 OCR GCSE 音乐（Year 11）考试中最核心的理论公式、规则和速查要点。从音程名称、和弦拼写到调号、终止式，每个知识点都以清晰可记的“公式”形式呈现，帮助同学们反复巩固和快速回顾。
1. Interval Formulas | 音程公式
An interval is the distance between two pitches, measured in semitones. The quality (major, minor, perfect, augmented, diminished) follows a pattern based on the number of semitones.
音程是两个音高之间的距离，以半音为单位。音程的性质（大、小、纯、增、减）根据半音数和度数决定。
| Interval name | Semitones | Example from C |
|---|---|---|
| Unison / Perfect unison | 0 | C – C |
| Minor 2nd | 1 | C – D♭ |
| Major 2nd | 2 | C – D |
| Minor 3rd | 3 | C – E♭ |
| Major 3rd | 4 | C – E |
| Perfect 4th | 5 | C – F |
| Tritone (Augmented 4th / Diminished 5th) | 6 | C – F♯ |
| Perfect 5th | 7 | C – G |
| Minor 6th | 8 | C – A♭ |
| Major 6th | 9 | C – A |
| Minor 7th | 10 | C – B♭ |
| Major 7th | 11 | C – B |
| Perfect octave | 12 | C – C' |
semitone larger than perfect/major; diminished = one semitone smaller than perfect/minor.
记住：增音程比纯/大音程多一个半音；减音程比纯/小音程少一个半音。
2. Chord Construction | 和弦构成
Chords are built by stacking thirds. The formula is given in semitones above the root.
和弦按三度叠加构成，下面给出从根音算起的半音数公式。
- Major triad: root + 4 semitones + 3 semitones
大三和弦：根音 + 4半音 + 3半音 - Minor triad: root + 3 semitones + 4 semitones
小三和弦：根音 + 3半音 + 4半音 - Diminished triad: root + 3 semitones + 3 semitones
减三和弦：根音 + 3半音 + 3半音 - Augmented triad: root + 4 semitones + 4 semitones
增三和弦：根音 + 4半音 + 4半音 - Dominant 7th: major triad + minor 7th (root +4+3+3)
属七和弦：大三和弦 + 小七度 (根音 +4+3+3半音)
In Roman numerals: I, IV, V are major in a major key; ii, iii, vi are minor; vii° is diminished.
罗马数字标记：大调中 I, IV, V 为大三和弦；ii, iii, vi 为小三和弦；vii° 为减三和弦。
3. Key Signature Formula | 调号公式
The order of sharps: F♯ C♯ G♯ D♯ A♯ E♯ B♯. Mnemonic: Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle.
升号调的顺序：F♯ C♯ G♯ D♯ A♯ E♯ B♯。记忆口诀：Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle。
The order of flats: B♭ E♭ A♭ D♭ G♭ C♭ F♭. Mnemonic: Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father.
降号调的顺序：B♭ E♭ A♭ D♭ G♭ C♭ F♭。记忆口诀：Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father。
ast sharp. For flats: the second-to-last flat is the key name (except one flat = F major).
从升号调推主调名：最后一个升号向上半音即为大调调名。降号调：倒数第二个降号即为大调调名（一个降号是 F 大调）。
4. Scale Formulas | 音阶公式
A scale pattern is given as tones (T) and semitones (S).
音阶结构用全音 (T) 和半音 (S) 表示。
- Major scale: T – T – S – T – T – T – S
大调音阶：全 – 全 – 半 – 全 – 全 – 全 – 半 - Natural minor scale: T – S – T – T – S – T – T
自然小调：全 – 半 – 全 – 全 – 半 – 全 – 全 - Harmonic minor: raises the 7th degree by a semitone (T–S–T–T–S–T+½–S)
和声小调：升高第 VII 级半音 - Melodic minor (ascending): raised 6th and 7th (T–S–T–T–T–T–S); descending is natural minor
旋律小调（上行）：升高 VI 和 VII 级；下行还原为自然小调
Pentatonic scale: use degrees 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 of the major scale. Blues scale: add a flat 3rd between 2 and 3.
五声音阶：取大调音阶的第 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 级；布鲁斯音阶：在 2 和 3 级间加一个降 3 级。
5. Note Values & Rhythm | 音符时值与节奏
er number = beats per bar, lower number = beat unit (4 = crotchet, 8 = quaver, 2 = minim).
拍号：上方数字 = 每小节拍数，下方数字 = 以几分音符为一拍 (4 = 四分音符，8 = 八分音符，2 = 二分音符)。
| Note | American name | Relative value |
|---|---|---|
| Semibreve | Whole note | 1 |
| Minim | Half note | ½ |
| Crotchet | Quarter note | ¼ |
| Quaver | Eighth note | ⅛ |
| Semiquaver | Sixteenth note | 1/16 |
ogether. Triplet: three equal notes in the time of two (e.g. 3 quavers in the space of 2).
附点音符 = 原时值 + 一半；延音线 = 两音时值相加；三连音：在原本两个音符的时值里均匀演奏三个音。
6. Tempo & Dynamic Markings | 速度与力度术语
ten indicated in beats per minute (BPM) or Italian terms. A metronome mark may be given as ♩ = 120.
速度常以拍/分钟 (BPM) 或意大利语表示。节拍器标记如 ♩ = 120。
- Largo – very slow (40–60 bpm) / Lento – slow
- Adagio – slow and stately (66–76)
- Andante – walking pace (76–108)
- Moderato – moderate (108–120)
- Allegro – fast, cheerful (120–168)
- Presto – very fast (168–200)
Dynamics: pp (pianissimo) very soft, p (piano) soft, mp (mezzo-piano) moderately soft, mf (mezzo-forte) moderately loud, f (forte) loud, ff (fortissimo) very loud. Gradual changes: cresc. (getting louder), dim. (getting softer).
力度记号：pp 很弱，p 弱，mp 中弱，mf 中强，f 强，ff 很强。渐变：cresc. 渐强，dim. 渐弱。
7. Cadences | 终止式
A cadence is a pair of chords that ends a phrase. The formula is given in Roman numerals.
终止式是乐句结尾的两个和弦，以下用罗马数字标记公式。
| Cadence | Chords (major key) | Sound |
|---|---|---|
| Perfect (V–I) | V – I | Finished, strong |
| Plagal (IV–I) | IV – I | Amen sound |
| Imperfect (I–V, etc.) | I – V, ii – V, IV – V | Unfinished, pause |
| Interrupted (V–vi) | V – vi | Surprise, unexpected |
In a minor key, V is always major (use the raised leading note). Perfect cadence in A minor: E major to A minor.
小调中的 V 必须使用大三和弦（升高导音）。A 小调完全终止：E 大三和弦 → A 小三和弦。
8. Structural Forms | 曲式结构
Musical forms are like blueprints. Learn the letter patterns.
曲式如同音乐蓝图，记住这些字母模式。
- Binary form (AB): two contrasting sections, each often repeated.
- Ternary form (ABA): opening section returns after a contrasting middle.
- Rondo form (ABACA): a recurring A section alternates with contrasting episodes.
- Theme and variations: a theme is presented then altered in successive variations (change rhythm, harmony, texture, etc.).
- Strophic form: same music for each verse (AAA…).
- Sonata form: exposition (themes 1 & 2), development, recapitulation.
中文对照：二部曲式 (AB)，三部曲式 (ABA)，回旋曲式 (ABACA)，主题与变奏，分节歌形式 (AAA)，奏鸣曲式（呈示部–展开部–再现部）。
9. Clefs & Pitch Reference | 谱号与音高参照
Treble clef (G clef) indicates the second line is G above middle C. Bass clef (F clef) indicates the fourth line is F below middle C.
高音谱号 (G 谱号) 表示第二线为中央 C 上方的 G。低音谱号 (F 谱号) 表示第四线为中央 C 下方的 F。
Middle C sits on one ledger line below the treble staff and one ledger line above the bass staff. The grand staff combines both.
中央 C 在高音谱表下加一线，在低音谱表上加一线。大谱表把两者合并。
10. Ornaments | 装饰音
Ornament symbols indicate extra notes to decorate the melody. OCR expects recognition of these common ones.
装饰音记号表示添加额外音符来润色旋律。OCR 要求能识别以下常见装饰音。
- Trill (tr): rapid alternation between the written note and the note above.
- Turn (𝄐): note above – written note – note below – written note.
- Mordent (upper 𝆐): written note – upper note – written note.
- Inverted mordent (lower 𝆑): written note – lower note – written note.
- Acciaccatura (grace note with stroke): crushed in very quickly before the main note.
- Appoggiatura (grace note without stroke): takes half the value of the main note (or some portion, leaning into it).
中文：颤音 (tr)，回音 (𝄐)，上波音 (𝆐)，下波音 (𝆑)，短倚音（有小斜线），长倚音（无斜线，占主音一半时值）。
11. Texture & Instrumental Techniques | 织体与器乐技法
Texture describes how musical lines interact. Formula‑like definitions help in the listening paper.
织体描述各声部如何结合，用简明的定义有助于听力答题。
- Monophonic: a single unaccompanied melodic line. 单声部：一条无伴奏旋律。
- Homophonic: melody with chordal accompaniment (all parts move together rhythmically). 主调织体：旋律加和弦伴奏，节奏大致相同。
- Polyphonic/contrapuntal: two or more independent melodic lines woven together. 复调/对位织体：两条或多条独立旋律交织。
- Melody and accompaniment: a clear melody supported by chords (a subtype of homophony). 旋律与伴奏：清晰的旋律加和弦支撑。
- Unison: all voices/instruments perform the same notes at the same pitch (or octave). 齐奏/齐唱：所有声部演奏相同音高（或八度）。
- Octaves: the same melody played an octave apart. 八度重叠：同旋律隔八度演奏。
Instrumental techniques to know: pizzicato (plucked strings), arco (bowed), tremolo (rapid repetition), glissando (slide), con sordino (with mute).
需掌握的演奏技法：拨弦 (pizz.)、拉奏 (arco)、震音 (tremolo)、滑音 (glissando)、加弱音器 (con sordino)。
12. Quick‑reference Italian Terms | 常用意大利术语速查
Knowing these terms helps answer style and articulation questions.
熟悉这些术语有助于回答风格和演奏法题目。
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| legato | smoothly |
| staccato | short and detached |
| tenuto | held, sustained |
| marcato | accented, marked |
| rubato | flexible tempo |
| rallentando (rall.) | gradually slowing |
| accelerando (accel.) | gradually getting faster |
| a tempo | return to original tempo |
| ritenuto (rit.) | immediately slower |
| cantabile | in a singing style |
| dolce | sweetly |
| espressivo | expressive |
Repeat signs: D.C. al Fine (from beginning to 'Fine'), D.S. al Coda (from the sign to the coda).
反复记号：D.C. al Fine 从头反复至 Fine；D.S. al Coda 从记号反复接尾声。
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