📚 Year 10 SQA Mathematics: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | 10 年级 SQA 数学:公式定理速查手册
This quick reference guide compiles the essential formulas, theorems, and key concepts needed for Year 10 students following the SQA Mathematics curriculum (typically National 4 or early National 5). Use it as a handy revision tool to reinforce your understanding and boost exam confidence.
本速查手册汇编了遵循 SQA 数学课程(通常为 National 4 或 National 5 初期)的 10 年级学生所需的核心公式、定理和关键概念。将其用作便捷的复习工具,以巩固理解并增强考试信心。
1. Number & Algebra Fundamentals | 数与代数基础
ders), Division/Multiplication, Addition/Subtraction. For example, 3 + 4 × 2 = 11, not 14.
必须严格遵循运算顺序(括号、指数/阶、乘除、加减)。例如,3 + 4 × 2 = 11,而非 14。
Key index laws: am × an = am+n ; am ÷ an = am−n ; (am)n = amn ; a0 = 1 (a ≠ 0).
关键指数法则:am × an = am+n ;am ÷ an = am−n ;(am)n = amn ;a0 = 1(a ≠ 0)。
Standard form (scientific notation): A × 10n, where 1 ≤ A < 10 and n is an integer. For instance, 0.00045 = 4.5 × 10−4.
标准形式(科学记数法):A × 10n,其中 1 ≤ A < 10 且 n 为整数。例如 0.00045 = 4.5 × 10−4。
rackets: a(b + c) = ab + ac. Factorising is the reverse process, e.g., 6x + 9 = 3(2x + 3).
展开括号:a(b + c) = ab + ac。因式分解是其逆过程,例如 6x + 9 = 3(2x + 3)。
2. Linear Equations & Inequalities | 线性方程与不等式
To solve linear equations, isolate the variable using inverse operations. Always check your solution by substitution.
解线性方程时,使用逆运算分离变量。务必通过代入检验答案。
Example: 2x − 5 = 13 → 2x = 18 → x = 9.
示例:2x − 5 = 13 → 2x = 18 → x = 9。
inequality sign when multiplying or dividing by a negative number. E.g., −2x > 8 → x < −4.
不等式的求解规则类似,但要注意:当乘以或除以一个负数时,不等号方向必须反转。例如 −2x > 8 → x < −4。
Number-line representation: open circle for < or >; closed circle for ≤ or ≥.
数轴表示:< 或 > 使用空心圆;≤ 或 ≥ 使用实心圆。
3. Quadratic Equations & the Discriminant | 二次方程与判别式
utions can be found by factorising, completing the square, or using the quadratic formula.
二次方程的一般形式为 ax² + bx + c = 0,其中 a ≠ 0。可以通过因式分解、配方法或二次公式求解。
Quadratic Formula: x = [−b ± √b² − 4ac] ÷ (2a)
二次公式:x = [−b ± √b² − 4ac] ÷ (2a)
s: Δ > 0 → two real distinct roots; Δ = 0 → one real repeated root; Δ < 0 → no real roots.
判别式 Δ = b² − 4ac 决定根的性质:Δ > 0 → 两个不等的实根;Δ = 0 → 一个重根(两个相等的实根);Δ < 0 → 无实根。
For factorising: find two numbers that multiply to ac and add to b. Always set equation to zero first.
因式分解技巧:寻找两个数,其乘积为 ac,和为 b。务必先将方程置为等于零。
4. Straight Line & Coordinate Geometry | 直线与坐标几何
ght line is often written as y = mx + c, where m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept.
经过点 (x₁, y₁) 和 (x₂, y₂) 的直线斜率 m 由公式 m = (y₂ − y₁) ÷ (x₂ − x₁) 给出。直线方程通常写作 y = mx + c,其中 m 为斜率,c 为 y 轴截距。
ve equal gradients; perpendicular lines have gradients that multiply to −1 (m₁ × m₂ = −1).
点斜式:y − y₁ = m(x − x₁) 在已知一点和斜率时非常有用。平行线的斜率相等;垂直线的斜率乘积为 −1(m₁ × m₂ = −1)。
and (x₂, y₂): ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2). Distance between two points: √[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²].
两点中点坐标:((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2)。两点间距离公式:√[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²]。
5. Pythagoras' Theorem & Circle Geometry | 勾股定理与圆几何
This is used to find unknown side lengths and to prove whether a triangle is right-angled.
在直角边为
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