📚 Year 11 OCR Law: Vocabulary and Terminology Memory Guide | 十一年级OCR法律词汇术语速记指南
Mastering legal terminology is essential for success in your Year 11 OCR GCSE Law exam. This bilingual memory guide pairs key English legal terms with Chinese translations and clear explanations, covering criminal law, tort, contract, human rights, employment law and the English legal system. Use it to boost your vocabulary recall quickly and effectively.
掌握法律术语是十一年级 OCR GCSE 法律考试成功的关键。这份中英双语记忆指南将关键法律英文术语与中文翻译和清晰解释配对，涵盖刑法、侵权法、合同法、人权法、就业法和英国法律体系。用它快速有效地提升词汇记忆。
1. Fundamentals of Criminal Law | 刑法基础
To establish criminal liability, the prosecution must usually prove that the defendant committed a guilty act with a guilty mind, and that this caused the prohibited consequence. The core components are actus reus, mens rea and causation, though some offences are strict liability.
要确立刑事责任，控方通常必须证明被告实施了犯罪行为并具备犯罪意图，且该行为导致了法律禁止的后果。核心要素是犯罪行为、犯罪意图和因果关系，但部分罪行属于严格责任。
Actus reus: the guilty act. This is the physical element of a crime and can be an act, an omission (failure to act where there is a legal duty) or a state of affairs. For example, the act of taking property in theft.
犯罪行为（Actus reus）：有罪行为。犯罪的物理要素，可以是作为、不作为（有法律义务时的未作为）或某种状态。例如，盗窃中拿走财物的行为。
Mens rea: the guilty mind. The mental element required for a specific crime, such as intention (direct or oblique) or recklessness (conscious taking of an unjustified risk). Different crimes require different levels of mens rea.
犯罪意图（Mens rea）：有罪心理。特定犯罪所需的主观要素，例如故意（直接或间接）或轻率（明知有不当风险仍为之）。不同罪行要求不同程度的犯意。
Strict liability: offences where at least one element requires no proof of mens rea. The defendant can be convicted simply by proving the actus reus. Common in regulatory crimes such as selling alcohol to a minor.
严格责任：对于至少一项要素无需证明犯罪意图的罪行。只需证明犯罪行为即可定罪。常见于管理类犯罪，如向未成年人售酒。
Causation: the link between the defendant's act and the prohibited result. Factual causation uses the 'but for' test; legal causation requires that the defendant's act was a substantial and operating cause, with no intervening act breaking the chain of causation.
因果关系（Causation）：被告行为与被禁止结果之间的联系。事实因果关系采用"若非"检验；法律因果关系要求被告行为是实质性且起作用的致因，且无助因中断因果链。
Transferred malice: when the mens rea intended for one victim is transferred to the actual victim. For instance, intending to hit A but missing and hitting B, the intent transfers, making the defendant liable for the harm to B.
转移恶意（Transferred malice）：针对某一受害人的犯意转移至实际受害人。例如，意图打 A 却误中 B，则犯意转移，被告需对 B 的伤害承担责任。
Omission: a failure to act. In English law, an omission can only form the actus reus if the defendant had a legal duty to act, such as a parent's duty towards their child or a contractual duty.
不作为（Omission）：未行动。在英国法中，只有当被告负有法律上的作为义务时，不作为才构成犯罪行为，例如父母对子女的义务或合同义务。
2. Key Criminal Offences | 主要刑事犯罪
OCR GCSE Law covers a range of violent, property and fatal offences. Understanding the elements of each helps you apply the law to scenario questions. The offences below are listed from less serious to more serious where relevant.
OCR GCSE 法律涵盖一系列暴力犯罪、财产犯罪和致命犯罪。理解每个罪行的要素有助于你在情景题中适用法律。以下罪行尽量按严重程度从低到高排列。
Assault: an act which intentionally or recklessly causes the victim to apprehend immediate unlawful personal violence. No physical contact is required; words or a silent phone call may suffice.
威胁（Assault）：故意或轻率地使受害人担心即将遭受非法暴力的行为。无需身体接触；言语或沉默电话可能足够。
Battery: the intentional or reckless application of unlawful force to another person. The slightest touching, such as a push, can amount to battery without consent.
殴打（Battery）：故意或轻率地对他人使用非法武力。哪怕是最轻微的触碰，如推搡，若未经同意也可构成殴打。
Assault occasioning actual bodily harm (section 47): an assault or battery that causes 'actual bodily harm', meaning any hurt or injury calculated to interfere with health or comfort. Psychiatric injury can be included.
造成实际身体伤害的攻击（ABH，第47条）：造成"实际身体伤害"的威胁或殴打，指任何足以影响健康或舒适的伤害。包括精神损伤。
Grievous bodily harm / wounding (sections 20 and 18): grievous bodily harm means really serious harm. Section 20 is a lesser offence requiring only intent or recklessness as to some harm; section 18 requires specific intent to cause grievous bodily harm.
严重身体伤害/伤害罪（GBH，第20/18条）：严重身体伤害指真正严重的伤害。第20条是较轻罪行，仅需对某些伤害有故意或轻率；第18条要求有造成严重身体伤害的特定故意。
Murder: the unlawful killing of a reasonable person under the Queen's peace with malice aforethought. Malice aforethought means an intention to kill or cause really serious harm. It carries a mandatory life sentence.
谋杀：在王国内的和平中，具有恶意预谋地非法杀害一个理性人。恶意预谋指意图杀人或造成真正严重伤害。判处强制终身监禁。
Voluntary manslaughter: a killing that would be murder but for the existence of a partial defence, such as loss of control or diminished responsibility. These defences reduce murder to manslaughter, avoiding the mandatory life sentence.
自愿非预谋杀人（Voluntary manslaughter）：本可构成谋杀但因存在减轻责任或失去控制等部分辩护而降级为杀人罪。这些辩护将谋杀减为非预谋杀人，避免强制终身监禁。
Involuntary manslaughter: an unlawful killing where the defendant lacks the intent for murder. Main forms are unlawful act manslaughter (a dangerous criminal act causes death) and gross negligence manslaughter (a breach of duty so gross as to be criminal).
非自愿非预谋杀人（Involuntary manslaughter）：被告缺乏谋杀意图的非法杀人。主要形式为非法行为杀人（危险的犯罪行为导致死亡）和重大过失杀人（义务违反如此严重以至构成犯罪）。
Theft: the dishonest appropriation of property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving them of it. All five elements must be proved.
盗窃：以永久剥夺他人财产为目的，不诚实地将他人财产据为己有。必须证明五个要素。
Robbery: theft that is aggravated by the use or threat of force immediately before or at the time of stealing, and in order to steal.
抢劫：在盗窃行为发生前即刻或当时，为盗窃而使用或威胁使用武力的加重盗窃罪。
Burglary: entering a building or part of a building as a trespasser with intent to commit theft, inflict grievous bodily harm, or cause unlawful damage. A separate offence also covers entering and then committing such an offence.
入室盗窃：作为非法侵入者进入建筑物或其一部分，意图实施盗窃、造成严重身体伤害或非法破坏。还涉及进入后实施上述罪行的独立罪名。
Criminal damage: intentionally or recklessly destroying or damaging property belonging to another without lawful excuse. Aggravated criminal damage endangers life.
刑事损害：故意或轻率地破坏或损坏他人财产且无合法理由。加重的刑事损害危及生命。
3. Defences in Criminal Law | 刑事辩护
A defendant may avoid criminal liability by raising a full or partial defence. Some defences justify the act; others excuse it. Knowledge of their key elements is vital for problem-solving questions.
被告可通过提出完全或部分辩护来避免刑事责任。一些辩护正当化行为，另一些则宽恕行为。了解其关键要素对解答问题至关重要。
Self-defence / defence of another: a person may use reasonable force to protect themselves or another. The force must be necessary and proportionate to the threat as the defendant honestly believed it to be. Excessive force may make the defence fail.
自我防卫/保护他人：一个人可使用合理武力保护自己或他人。武力必须在被告诚挚相信的威胁下必要且适度。过度武力可能导致辩护失败。
Duress: a defence where the defendant commits a crime because they were threatened with death or serious injury unless they did so. It is not available for murder or attempted murder. The threat must be immediate and the defendant's will overborne.
被胁迫（Duress）：被告因被以死亡或重伤害威胁而犯罪。不能用于谋杀或企图谋杀。威胁必须是即时的，且被告意志被压垮。
Necessity: a limited defence that arises in emergency situations where the defendant had to choose between two evils to prevent greater harm. Rarely successful and not clearly defined for all crimes.
紧急避险（Necessity）：在紧急情况下，为防止更大损害而不得不在两害中择其轻的有限辩护。很少成功，并非对所有罪行都有明确定义。
Insanity: governed by the M'Naghten Rules. The defendant must prove that at the time of the act they were labouring under a defect of reason from a disease of the mind, so that they did not know the nature and quality of the act or that it was wrong.
精神错乱（Insanity）：由姆纳顿规则规范。被告必须证明，在行为当时因
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