📚 Year 11 OCR Sociology: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | Year 11 OCR 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Struggling to remember sociological terminology for your OCR GCSE exam? This guide breaks down key terms across all major topics, offering simple memory tricks and clear definitions in both English and Chinese. By linking concepts to vivid imagery and patterns, you can turn abstract vocabulary into lasting knowledge.
苦于记忆 OCR GCSE 社会学术语吗？本指南分解所有主要主题的核心词汇，提供简洁的英中双语定义和记忆窍门。通过将概念与生动形象和模式挂钩，你能把抽象词汇变成长久记忆。
1. Memorisation Techniques | 记忆技巧
Acronyms: Create a memorable word from the first letters of a list. For example, 'PEEL' helps you structure paragraphs in exam essays (Point, Evidence, Explain, Link). You can design your own acronyms for sets of linked concepts.
首字母缩写法：取列表中每个词的首字母组成一个易于记忆的词。如'PEEL'能帮你在考试作文中组织段落（观点、证据、解释、联系）。你可以为一系列相关概念自行设计缩写。
Image Association: Attach a vivid mental picture to a term. For 'nuclear family', picture a tiny atom with a glowing nucleus surrounded by parent-and-child electrons. The more bizarre the image, the stronger the memory.
图像联想：给术语配一幅生动的心理图像。对'核心家庭'，想象一颗微小的原子，原子核发光，周围环绕着父母与孩子构成的电子。图像越奇特，记忆越深刻。
Chunking and Rhyme: Group similar terms together and create a little rhyme. For social stratification, think 'Class is glass – you can see through it but it's still a barrier.' Rhymes make recall faster under pressure.
组块与押韵：把相似术语分组并编成小韵文。对社会分层，可记'阶级如玻璃——看得透却仍是隔障'。押韵句在压力下能加快回忆速度。
2. Families and Households | 家庭与住户核心术语
Nuclear Family: consisting of a married couple and their dependent children. Functionalists view it as the 'building block' of society. Think 'nucleus' = the core.
核心家庭：由已婚夫妇及其需抚养的子女组成的两代人家庭单元。功能主义者视其为社会的'基石'。记住'核' = 核心。
Extended Family: A family structure that includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, often living nearby or together. Imagine a tree with deep roots and many branches – support spreads wide.
扩展家庭：含核心家庭之外亲属的家庭结构，如祖父母、叔伯姑姨，通常住得近或同住。想象一棵扎根深厚、枝杈茂盛的树——支持网络铺得很广。
Symmetrical Family: A family in which roles and responsibilities are shared more equally between husbands and wives. Willmott and Young described this as the 'companionate' family. Picture a mirror image – symmetry means balance.
对称家庭：夫妻之间角色和责任分担得更平等的家庭。威尔莫特和扬将其描述为'伴侣式'家庭。想象镜像——对称意味着平衡。
Patriarchy: A social system where men hold primary power and dominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority and control of property. Remember 'patri-' like 'patriarch' – father rule.
父权制：男性掌握主要权力、在政治领导、道德权威和财产控制中占支配地位的社会制度。记住'patri-'如'patriarch'（族长）——父系统治。
Cereal Packet Family: The idealised image of the nuclear family portrayed in media and advertising, often featuring a breadwinner father, homemaker mother and two happy children. Think of the picture on a breakfast cereal box – perfect but unrealistic.
麦片盒家庭：媒体和广告中描绘的核心家庭理想形象，常有一位养家的父亲、操持家务的母亲和两个快乐的孩子。想象早餐麦片盒上的图案——完美但不现实。
3. Education | 教育核心术语
Hidden Curriculum: The informal lessons and values taught in schools alongside the official curriculum, such as punctuality, obedience and acceptance of hierarchy. It quietly shapes students for the workplace. Remember 'hidden' as invisible but powerful.
隐性课程：学校在正式课程之外传授的非正式课程和价值观，如守时、服从和接受等级。它悄悄地把学生塑造成适应职场的人。记'隐性'为看不见却强大。
Meritocracy: A system in which success and advancement are based on individual ability and effort rather than background. Functionalists believe education operates meritocratically. Link 'merit' with 'deserve' – you rise on merit.
精英管理制度：成功和晋升基于个人能力和努力而非出身的制度。功能主义者认为教育是按此制度运行的。把'merit'（功绩）与'应得'联系起来——凭功绩上升。
Cultural Capital: The knowledge, skills, tastes and ways of thinking valued by the education system, often possessed by the middle class. Bourdieu argued it gives an advantage. Picture an invisible 'currency' of cultural know-how.
文化资本：教育体系看重的知识、技能、品味和思维方式，通常为中产阶级所拥有。布迪厄指出这带来了优势。想象一种无形的文化知识'货币'。
Labelling: The process of attaching a definition or label to a student, which can shape their self-concept and future achievement. For example, a teacher labelling a pupil as 'troublesome' may create a self-fulfilling prophecy. Think of a sticky label that's hard to peel off.
贴标签：给学生贴上某种定义或标签的过程，这会影响他们的自我认识和未来成就。例如，老师给学生贴上'捣蛋'的标签就可能造成自证预言。想象一张难以撕掉的粘性标签。
Material Deprivation: A lack of physical resources such as income, housing and equipment needed for educational success. It directly impacts a child's ability to learn. Remember the 'material' things – books, desk, quiet room.
物质匮乏：缺乏实现教育成功所需的物质资源，如收入、住房和设备。这直接影响孩子的学习能力。记'物质'的东西——书、书桌、安静的房间。
4. Crime and Deviance | 犯罪与越轨核心术语
Deviance: Behaviour that goes against the norms and expectations of a particular society, but is not necessarily illegal. Wearing unusual clothes might be deviant. Think 'deviate' – to stray from the path.
越轨：违背特定社会规范和期望但不一定违法的行为。穿奇装异服就可能是越轨。联想'deviate'（偏离）——偏离常轨。
Anomie: A state of normlessness where social norms and values break down, often during rapid social change. Durkheim linked it to higher suicide rates. Sound it out as 'a – no – me' – society loses its 'me' (identity).
失范：社会规范和价值瓦解的无序状态，常发生在急剧社会变革期。涂尔干将其与自杀率升高相联系。听起来像'a – no – me'——社会失掉了'我'（认同）。
White-Collar Crime: Non-violent crimes committed by individuals in professional or business settings, such as fraud or embezzlement. Sutherland coined the term. Picture a clean white shirt hiding dirty money.
白领犯罪：由专业人士或商务人士在职业环境中实施的非暴力犯罪，如欺诈或挪用公款。萨瑟兰创造了该术语。想象一件干净的白衬衫藏匿着脏钱。
Moral Panic: A widespread fear, often fuelled by the media, that a group or behaviour threatens social order. Cohen studied mods and rockers. Think of a 'panic button' being pressed over morality issues.
道德恐慌：通常由媒体煽动的社会大范围恐慌，认为某群体或行为威胁社会秩序。科恩研究了摩登族和摇滚族。想象因为道德问题被按下的'恐慌按钮'。
Deviance Amplification Spiral: A process where attempts to control deviance actually lead to an increase in deviance, as labelling pushes individuals further towards the deviant identity. Picture a spiral looping outward – small reaction, bigger problem.
越轨放大螺旋：一种控制越轨的尝试反而导致越轨增加的过程，因贴标签把个体进一步推向越轨身份。想象一个向外扩展的螺旋——小反应，大问题。
5. Social Stratification | 社会分层核心术语
Social Class: A division of society based on economic and social status, often measured by occupation, income and education. Marx focused on ownership of production; Weber added status and power. Imagine a layered cake – some slices are bigger.
社会阶级：基于经济和社会地位的社会划分，常以职业、收入和教育衡量。马克思关注生产资料所有权；韦伯加上了地位和权力。想象一个分层蛋糕——有些切片更大。
Life Chances: The opportunities an individual has to achieve positive outcomes, such as good health, education and a long life. Weber introduced this term. Think 'chances in life' are shaped like a lottery where class buys more tickets.
生活机会：个体获得良好健康、教育和长寿等积极结果的机会。韦伯提出了该术语。想象'生活中的机会'就像一场彩票，阶级能买更多票。
Absolute Poverty: ealth, such as food, clean water and shelter. It is a fixed, universal threshold. Remember 'absolute' = no debate, it's extreme deprivation.
绝对贫困：个人缺乏维持身体健康所需的最基本资源（如食物、洁净水和住所）的状态。它是一个固定、普遍的阈值。记住'绝对' = 无可争辩，极端匮乏。
Relative Poverty: A situation where a person is poor compared to the average standard of living in their society. It's about being unable to participate in normal activities. Think 'relative to your neighbours'. In the UK, it's often set at 60% of median income.
相对贫困：个人相比所在社会平均生活水平而言处于贫困的处境，关乎不能参与正常活动。想'与邻人相对而言'。英国常将低于收入中位数60%定为相对贫困线。
Social Mobility: The movement of individuals or groups between different social positions. Vertical mobility is moving up or down the class ladder. Imagine an elevator in a stratified building – some people move floors.
社会流动：个人或群体在不同社会位置之间的移动。垂直流动是在阶级阶梯上的上升或下降。想象分层大厦里的电梯——有人能换楼层。
6. Sociological Perspectives | 社会学视角核心术语
Functionalism: ain stability, like organs in a body. Key ideas: value consensus, social solidarity. Think 'function' = each part has a job.
功能主义：将社会视为一个由相互关联的部分组成的系统，各部分共同维持稳定，如同身体的器官。核心观念：价值共识、社会团结。想'功能' = 每个部分都有职责。
Marxism: A conflict perspective arguing that society is based on class struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers). The economic base shapes the superstructure. Remember 'Marx' marks the class clash.
马克思主义：一种冲突论视角，认为社会基于资产阶级（所有者）和无产阶级（工人）之间的阶级斗争。经济基础决定上层建筑。记'Marx'标记了阶级冲突。
Feminism: focusing on gender inequalities in society, highlighting patriarchy as the source of women's oppression. Liberal, Marxist and radical feminists offer different solutions. Think 'feminine' + 'ism' = striving for women's equality.
女性主义：关注社会性别不平等的视角，强调父权制是女性受压迫的根源。自由派、马克思主义和激进女性主义提出不同解决方案。想'feminine'+'ism' = 为女性平等而奋斗。
Interactionism: A micro-level perspective that studies how individuals create meaning through social interaction and symbols. Labelling theory is a key part. Picture a spotlight on face-to-face encounters, not big structures.
互动论：一种微观视角，研究个体如何通过社会互动和符号创造意义。标签理论是其关键部分。想象聚光灯打在面对面遭遇上，而非宏大的结构。
New Right: A conservative perspective that believes in individual responsibility and traditional values, criticising the welfare state for creating a culture of dependency. Murray's 'underclass' is a key concept. Think 'new' as in returning to older values.
新右派：一种保守主义视角，强调个人责任和传统价值观，批判福利国家造成依赖文化。默里的'底层阶级'是关键概念。想'新'实则回归旧价值观。
7. Research Methods | 研究方法核心术语
Validity: The extent to which a research method measures what it claims to measure. A valid study gives a true picture. Think 'valid' like a valid ticket – it genuinely grants access.
效度：研究方法在多大程度上测量了其声称要测量的东西。有效的研究反映出真实情况。想'valid'如同有效车票——真正给予通行。
Reliability: others and yield the same results. Like a reliable clock always showing the correct time. 'Reliable' = can be relied on to replicate.
信度：研究方法的一致性，即可以被他人重复并得出相同结果。如同一块可靠的表总是显示正确时间。'Reliable' = 可依赖其复现。
Sample: A smaller group selected from the larger research population. A representative sample mirrors the characteristics of the whole population. Imagine tasting a spoonful of soup to check the flavour – that's your sample.
样本：从较大的研究总体中选出的较小组群。代表性样本反映总体的全部特征。想象用勺子尝一口汤来检查味道——那就是你的样本。
Hawthorne Effect: A change in participants' behaviour simply because they know they are being observed. This can reduce validity. Think of factory studies where workers performed differently under observation – lights on, changed behaviour.
霍桑效应：仅仅因为知道自己正被观察，研究对象就改变行为的现象。这会降低效度。想工厂研究里工人在观察下表现不同——灯一开，行为变。
Ethical Considerations: Moral principles guiding research, such as informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality and avoiding harm. Remember CATS: Consent, Anonymity, Transparency, Safety.
伦理考量：指导研究的道德原则，如知情同意、匿名、保密和避免伤害。记住CATS：同意、匿名、透明、安全。
8. Socialisation, Culture and Identity | 社会化、文化与身份核心术语
Primary Socialisation: The early childhood learning of norms, values and language, mainly from the family. It forms the basis of the self. Think 'primary' as first and most fundamental – your first software installation.
初级社会化：童年早期，主要在家庭中学习规范、价值观和语言。它构成自我的基础。记'初级'如同第一道也是最基础的软体安装。
Secondary Socialisation: The ongoing process of learning appropriate behaviour in wider society, through education, media, religion and peers. Imagine adding apps to your phone beyond the factory settings.
次级社会化：通过教育、媒体、宗教和同伴在更广大社会中学习得体行为的持续过程。想象在手机出厂设定之外不断添加应用。
Norms: Unwritten rules of behaviour shared by members of a society or group. Shaking hands when greeting is a norm. Picture 'normal' – doing what is expected.
规范：由社会或群体成员共享的不成文行为准则。打招呼时握手就是一种规范。想象'正常'——按期望行事。
Values: Deeply held beliefs about what is good, right and important. They underpin norms. For instance, valuing privacy leads to the norm of knocking before entering. Think 'value' as your moral compass.
价值观：关于何为好、何为对、何为重要的深层信念。它们支撑规范。例如，重视隐私便导致进门先敲门的规范。想'价值观'就是你的道德指南针。
Subculture: A group within a larger culture that has its own distinct norms, values and style, such as skaters or goths. They may oppose mainstream culture. Picture a 'sub' marine – operating under the surface of the dominant culture.
亚文化：在更大文化中拥有自身独特规范、价值观和风格的群体，如滑板族或哥特族。他们可能反对主流文化。想象一艘'潜'艇——在主流文化表层之下运行。
9. Power and Authority | 权力与权威核心术语
Power: The ability to make others do what you want, even against their will. It can be exercised through force or influence. Weber distinguished power from authority. Think 'power' like a muscle – it can lift or push.
权力：让他人按你意愿行事的能力，哪怕违背其意志。可通过强力或影响实施。韦伯区分了权力与权威。想'权力'像肌肉——可抬起或推动。
Authority: Legitimate power that people accept as right and justified. Teachers have authority in a classroom. Remember 'author' – the one whose word is accepted.
权威：人们视作正当合理而
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