📚 Year 10 CCEA Art: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 十年级 CCEA 艺术：公式定理速查手册
Art is built upon visual logic — a language of structure, proportion and colour interactions that can be expressed as reliable rules or 'formulas'. This handbook distills the essential theorems, colour equations and composition principles you will encounter in the Year 10 CCEA Art and Design course. Keep it close when planning compositions, analysing artworks or experimenting with mixed media.
艺术建立在视觉逻辑之上——一种结构、比例和色彩相互作用的语言，这些语言可以用可靠的规则或“公式”表达。本手册提炼了你在十年级 CCEA 艺术与设计课程中会遇到的基本定理、色彩方程式和构图原理。在规划构图、分析艺术作品或尝试混合媒介时，请随时参考。
1. Color Wheel Basics: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary | 色轮基础：原色、间色与复色
Traditional colour theory starts with three primary hues — red, yellow and blue — from which all other colours are mixed. Mixing two primaries in equal proportion creates a secondary colour; mixing a primary with an adjacent secondary yields a tertiary colour.
传统色彩理论始于三原色——红、黄、蓝——所有其他颜色都由它们混合而成。两种原色等量混合产生间色；原色与相邻间色混合则产生复色。
Red + Yellow = Orange
Yellow + Blue = Green
Blue + Red = Violet
红 + 黄 = 橙
黄 + 蓝 = 绿
蓝 + 红 = 紫
2. Complementary Colors & Split-Complementary | 补色与分裂补色
Complementary pairs sit directly opposite each other on the colour wheel. When placed side by side, they intensify one another; when mixed, they neutralise into a grey-brown. A split-complementary scheme uses one base colour and the two hues adjacent to its direct complement, offering vivid contrast with less tension.
补色对在色轮上彼此正对。并置时互相增强；混合时则会中和成灰棕色。分裂补色方案使用一个基色以及其直接补色两侧的两个色相，在提供鲜明对比的同时减少紧张感。
Red ↔ Green (Yellow + Blue)
Blue ↔ Orange (Red + Yellow)
Yellow ↔ Violet (Red + Blue)
红 ↔ 绿 (黄 + 蓝)
蓝 ↔ 橙 (红 + 黄)
黄 ↔ 紫 (红 + 蓝)
3. Triadic and Tetradic Color Schemes | 三角色与四角色方案
A triadic palette consists of three colours evenly spaced around the colour wheel, forming an equilateral triangle. This creates a balanced but dynamic composition. A tetradic (double complementary) scheme uses two complementary pairs, often forming a rectangle on the wheel.
三角色调色板由色轮上均匀间隔的三种颜色组成，形成一个等边三角形。这创造出平衡而富有活力的构图。四角色（双重补色）方案使用两对补色，通常在色轮上形成矩形。
Triadic example: Red / Yellow / Blue (120° spacing)
Tetradic example: Red, Green / Yellow, Violet
三角色示例：红 / 黄 / 蓝 (间隔120°)
四角色示例：红、绿 / 黄、紫
4. The Rule of Thirds: Compositional Theorem | 三分法：构图定理
g two equally spaced horizontal and two equally spaced vertical lines. The four intersection points are 'power points' s a naturally engaging composition. The Rule of Thirds prevents static, centrally weighted arrangements.
用两条等距水平线和两条等距垂直线将画面划分为3×3网格。四个交叉点即为“兴趣点”，将焦点元素置于这些点上能创造出自然而引人入胜的构图。三分法可避免静态、中心集中的布局。
Power points: (1/3 w, 1/3 h), (2/3 w, 1/3 h), (1/3 w, 2/3 h), (2/3 w, 2/3 h)
兴趣点坐标：(1/3 宽, 1/3 高)，(2/3 宽, 1/3 高)，(1/3 宽, 2/3 高)，(2/3 宽, 2/3 高)
5. The Golden Ratio: Φ and the Fibonacci Spiral | 黄金比例：Φ 与斐波那契螺旋
The golden ratio (phi, Φ) is a proportion found repeatedly in nature and classical art. A line divided such that the ratio of the whole to the larger part is the same as the ratio of the larger part to the smaller part satisfies Φ. The Fibonacci spiral, constructed from quarter-circles inscribed in squares whose sides follow the Fibonacci sequence, approximates this ratio and guides the eye through a composition.
黄金比例（phi, Φ）是在自然界和古典艺术中反复出现的一种比例。将一条线段分割，使整体与较大部分的比值等于较大部分与较小部分的比值，即满足 Φ。斐波那契螺旋由内接于正方形的四分之一圆弧构成，这些正方形的边长遵循斐波那契数列，它近似这个比例并引导视线穿过画面。
Φ = (1 + √5) / 2 ≈ 1.618
Φ = (1 + √5) / 2 ≈ 1.618
6. One-Point Perspective: Vanishing Point Theorem | 一点透视：消失点定理
In one-point perspective, all depth lines (orthogonal lines) converge at a single vanishing point located on the horizon line. The frontal plane remains parallel to the viewer. This theorem is indispensable for depicting hallways, roads or railway tracks receding into the distance with consistent spatial logic.
在一点透视中，所有纵深线（正交线）汇聚于地平线上的一个消失点。正面平面保持与观者平行。该定理对于描绘走廊、道路或铁路轨道向远方延伸并保持空间逻辑一致是必不可少的。
Convergence: All receding parallel lines → meet at Single Vanishing Point
汇聚：所有后退的平行线 → 交于单一消失点
7. Two-Point Perspective: Distance and Horizon | 二点透视：距离与地平线
Two-point perspective employs two vanishing points on the horizon, typically outside the frame. Vertical lines remain perpendicular to the horizon. The theorem governs how objects appear when viewed from an angle, making edge lines converge towards left and right vanishing points respectively. The distance between the points controls the feel of the scene.
二点透视使用地平线上的两个消失点，通常位于画面之外。垂直线保持与地平线垂直。该定理控制着物体从某一角度观看时的外观，使边缘线分别向左、右消失点汇聚。两点之间的距离控制着场景的感受。
Left receding lines → VP₁
Right receding lines → VP₂
All verticals remain vertical
左侧后退线 → VP₁
右侧后退线 → VP₂
所有垂直线保持垂直
8. Additive and Subtractive Color Mixing | 加色混合与减色混合
Light-based colour mixing (additive) combines red, green and blue light to create all others, with all three producing white. Pigment-based mixing (subtractive) starts with cyan, magenta and yellow, absorbing (subtracting) wavelengths so their combination yields black. Understanding both systems is vital for digital art and physical painting.
基于光的色彩混合（加色）结合红、绿、蓝光产生所有颜色，三者全亮产生白色。基于颜料的混合（减色）从青、品红、黄开始，吸收（减去）波长，因此它们的组合产生黑色。理解这两种系统对数字艺术和实体绘画至关重要。
| Additive (RGB) | Subtractive (CMY) |
|---|---|
| R + G = Y (Yellow) | C + M = B (Blue) |
| G + B = C (Cyan) | M + Y = R (Red) |
| B + R = M (Magenta) | Y + C = G (Green) |
| R + G + B = White | C + M + Y = Black (Key) |
记住减色混合的简称 CMYK 中的 K 代表 Key（黑色），用于增加深度和细节。
9. Value and Tone: The Greyscale Formula | 明度与色调：灰度公式
Tonal value measures the lightness or darkness of a colour, independent of its hue. A standard 9-step greyscale from white to black helps artists judge contrast. Adding white creates a tint; adding black creates a shade; adding grey creates a tone. The formula for harmonious value distribution is grounding the darkest dark and preserving the lightest light.
色调明度衡量一种颜色的明暗程度，与其色相无关。从白到黑的9级标准灰度有助于艺术家判断对比度。加白色产生亮调；加黑色产生暗调；加灰色产生浊色。和谐明度分布的公式是稳住最暗部并保留最亮部。
Tint = Pure Hue + White
Shade = Pure Hue + Black
Tone = Pure Hue + Grey
亮调 = 纯色相 + 白
暗调 = 纯色相 + 黑
浊色 = 纯色相 + 灰
10. Gestalt Principles of Visual Perception | 格式塔视觉感知原理
Gestalt psychology describes how the brain organises visual elements into unified wholes. Key principles include Proximity (elements close together are grouped), Similarity (similar elements are perceived as related), Continuity (the eye follows smooth paths), Closure (the brain fills gaps to see complete shapes), and Figure-Ground (the focal object stands out from the background).
格式塔心理学描述了大脑如何将视觉元素组织成统一的整体。关键原则包括接近性（靠近的元素被归为一组）、相似性（相似的元素被视为关联）、连续性（视线追随平滑路径）、闭合性（大脑填补空隙看到完整形状）以及图形-背景（焦点对象从背景中突显）。
Use these theorems to control how viewers read your composition — grouping related parts through proximity and similarity while directing the eye along continuous lines.
运用这些定理来控制观者如何阅读你的构图——通过接近性和相似性将相关部分分组，同时沿着连续线条引导视线。
11. Human Body Proportions: Canon of 8 Heads | 人体比例：八头身法则
The idealised human figure is often measured in head lengths. In the classical canon, the average adult body height equals approximately 7½ to 8 heads. This proportion governs the placement of anatomical landmarks: the pubis at 4 heads down, knees at 6 heads, and the navel roughly at 3 heads. Knowledge of this formula allows realistic figure drawing and stylisation.
理想化的人体常以头长为单位度量。在古典法则中，成人身体高度约等于7.5至8个头长。这个比例控制着解剖学标志的位置：耻骨在4头身处，膝盖在6头身处，肚脐大约在3头身处。掌握这一公式可实现写实人物画和风格化表现。
1 head = length from crown to chin
Total height = 8 heads
Midpoint of body ≈ greater trochanter (4 heads down)
1 头身 = 头顶至下颌的长度
总身高 = 8 头身
身体中点 ≈ 大转子 (4头身下)
12. Symmetry and Asymmetrical Balance | 对称与非对称平衡
Symmetrical balance mirrors elements across a central axis, conveying formality and stability. Asymmetrical balance achieves equilibrium through unequal visual weights — a small, dark, or complex shape can balance a larger, lighter, or simpler area. The 'visual weight' formula considers size, colour intensity, texture and position relative to the centre.
对称平衡将元素沿中轴镜像分布，传达正式和稳定感。非对称平衡通过不等同的视觉重量达到均衡——一个小而暗或复杂的形状可以平衡一个更大、更亮或更简单的区域。“视觉重量”公式考虑大小、色彩强度、质感以及相对于中心的位置。
Visual weight factors: Size × Intensity × Contrast × Distance from centre
视觉重量因子：大小 × 强度 × 对比度 × 与中心的距离
Applying these balance formulas helps construct compositions that feel intentionally weighted rather than accidentally lopsided.
应用这些平衡公式有助于构建感觉有意权衡而非偶然失衡的构图。
Published by TutorHao | Art Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图