📚 Year 10 CCEA Philosophy: Key Terms & Mnemonics Guide | Year 10 CCEA 哲学：核心术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential revision companion for Year 10 CCEA Philosophy. This guide breaks down the most important terminology into bite-size explanations paired with creative memory aids. Whether you are tackling logic, ethics, or the philosophy of mind, these mnemonics will help you retain definitions and apply them confidently in exam questions.
欢迎使用这份 Year 10 CCEA 哲学核心术语速记指南。我们将最重要的哲学术语拆解成易于理解的解释，并搭配了有创意的记忆方法。无论你正在学习逻辑、伦理学还是心灵哲学，这些速记技巧都能帮助你牢牢记住定义，并在考试中自信地运用。
1. Arguments, Premises and Conclusions | 论证、前提与结论
An argument in philosophy is not a quarrel but a set of statements where some (premises) are offered to support another (conclusion). Picture a courtroom: the evidence is the premise, the verdict is the conclusion. The mnemonic 'P → C' (Premise leads to Conclusion) avoids the common confusion that arguments are just disagreement.
哲学中的论证不是争吵，而是一组陈述：其中一些陈述（前提）被用来支持另一个陈述（结论）。想象一个法庭：证据是前提，判决是结论。记忆技巧“P → C”（前提通向结论）可以避免将论证误解为单纯的争执。
2. Validity, Soundness and Cogency | 有效性、可靠性与说服力
A deductive argument is valid if the conclusion must be true whenever the premises are true; it is sound if it is valid and all premises are actually true. For inductive arguments we speak of cogency. Think of validity as a locked pipe – if you pour in true premises, a true conclusion comes out. Soundness adds the guarantee that the water you pour in is pure.
一个演绎论证，如果前提为真时结论必然为真，它就是有效的；如果一个论证既有效，且所有前提在现实中也为真，它就是可靠的。对于归纳论证，我们则使用有说服力这个概念。可以把有效性想象成一根密封管道——倒入真的前提，就会流出真的结论。可靠性则进一步保证你倒入的水本身是纯净的。
3. A Priori vs A Posteriori | 先天知识与后天知识
A priori knowledge is justified independently of experience (e.g., 'All bachelors are unmarried'). A posteriori knowledge depends on experience (e.g., 'The cat is on the mat'). Remember: posterior needs post-experience; a priori comes prior to observation.
先天知识是不依赖经验就能获得辩护的知识（例如“所有单身汉都未婚”）。后天知识则需要依赖经验（例如“猫在垫子上”）。记忆技巧：Posterior 需要 post-experience（经验之后）；a priori 则 prior to observation（先于观察）。
4. Deduction vs Induction | 演绎与归纳
Deduction aims to guarantee the conclusion if premises are true; induction only makes the conclusion probable. The mnemonic 'D for definite, I for inferential' captures this: deduction strives for certainty, induction offers strong inference from patterns. Think of deduction as maths, induction as weather forecasting.
演绎旨在在前提为真时保证结论为真；归纳则只让结论具有可能性。记忆技巧“D for definite（确定）, I for inferential（推断）”：演绎追求确定性，归纳则从规律中做出有力推断。可以类比为：演绎像数学证明，归纳像天气预报。
5. Necessary vs Contingent Truths | 必然真理与偶然真理
A necessary truth could not be false under any possible circumstances (2+2=4). A contingent truth could have been false (I am drinking tea). Imagine a necessary truth as a mountain that cannot be moved, while a contingent truth is like a sandcastle – it exists in one shape now but could easily be different.
必然真理在任何可能的情形下都不会为假（2+2=4）。偶然真理则有可能为假（我正在喝茶）。可以把必然真理想象成一座不可移动的山，而偶然真理就像一座沙堡——它此刻是某种形状，但很容易变成别的样子。
6. Objective vs Subjective | 客观与主观
An objective claim is true independently of what anyone thinks (water boils at 100 °C at sea level). A subjective claim depends on personal feelings or beliefs (chocolate tastes better than vanilla). The memory trick: 'Object stays still, Subject shifts' – objects exist outside us, subjects shift with perspective.
客观陈述的真假独立于任何人的看法（在标准大气压下，水在100 °C沸腾）。主观陈述则依赖于个人的感受或信念（巧克力比香草好吃）。记忆窍门：“客体不动，主体变换”——客体外在于我们，主体随视角而变。
7. Dualism vs Materialism | 二元论与唯物主义
Mind–body dualism holds that the mind and body are distinct substances (Descartes). Materialism claims that everything, including mental states, is physical. Picture a smartphone: dualists say the apps (mind) are separate from the hardware (brain); materialists say the apps just are the hardware in action.
心灵–身体二元论认为心灵和身体是两种不同的实体（笛卡尔）。唯物主义则主张一切存在都是物质的，包括心理状态。想象一部智能手机：二元论者说应用程序（心灵）独立于硬件（大脑）；唯物主义者则认为应用程序只不过是硬件在运作。
8. Free Will and Determinism | 自由意志与决定论
Libertarian free will asserts that some choices are uncaused or up to the agent. Hard determinism denies free will because every event has a prior cause. Compatibilism says free will is compatible with determinism. Use the analogy of a canal boat: determinism provides the canal (causes), free will is steering within its banks.
自由意志论主张某些选择是没有前因的，或完全由行动者自己决定。强硬决定论则否认自由意志，因为所有事件都有先前的致因。相容论认为自由意志与决定论可以并存。可以用运河上的船来类比：决定论提供了河道（因果关系），自由意志则是在河道中掌舵。
9. Utilitarianism: Act and Rule | 功利主义：行为与规则
Classical utilitarianism (Bentham) judges actions by the greatest happiness principle. Act utilitarianism calculates each action's consequences directly; rule utilitarianism (Mill) follows rules that tend to produce the greatest good. Remember: 'Act now, Rule later' – act focuses on immediate consequences, rule builds long-term principles.
古典功利主义（边沁）以最大幸福原则来评判行为。行为功利主义直接计算每个行为带来的后果；规则功利主义（密尔）则遵循那些通常能产生最大善的规则。记忆方法：“行为看眼前，规则看长远”——行为关注即时后果，规则构建长期准则。
10. Deontology: Duty-based Ethics | 义务论：基于责任伦理学
Kantian deontology argues that an action is moral if it can be universalised and treats persons as ends, never merely means. The categorical imperative is the core test. Mnemonic: 'Categorical = no exceptions', like a traffic light that never changes; duty is absolute regardless of consequences.
康德义务论主张，如果一个行为能够被普遍化，并且始终把人当作目的而不仅仅是手段，这个行为就是道德的。定言命令是其核心检验标准。记忆技巧：“定言即无例外”，好比一个永远不变的红绿灯；无论后果如何，责任都是绝对的。
11. The Problem of Evil and Theodicies | 恶的问题与神义论
The logical problem of evil questions how an all-loving, all-powerful God can exist alongside evil. Theodicies are attempts to justify God's goodness: the free will defence, soul-making theodicy (Irenaeus), and the best-of-all-possible-worlds view (Leibniz). Link 'Evil' with 'Explanations' – every theodicy is an E-xplanation for E-vil.
逻辑上的恶之问题质问：一位全爱、全能的上帝如何与世间的恶共存。神义论就是为上帝的良善辩护的尝试，包括自由意志辩护、灵魂塑造神义论（伊里奈乌）以及最好可能世界说（莱布尼茨）。把“恶（Evil）”与“解释（Explanations）”联系起来——每一种神义论都是对恶的一种解释。
12. Arguments for God's Existence | 上帝存在的论证
Three classic arguments: Ontological (by definition), Cosmological (first cause), Teleological (design). Remember the acronym 'OCT' – Ontological from the concept, Cosmological from causation, Teleological from purpose. Think of an octopus: the head (concept) is Ontological, the arms reaching back to a cause are Cosmological, and the intricate design of its body is Teleological.
三种经典论证：本体论论证（从定义出发）、宇宙论论证（第一因）、目的论论证（设计论）。记住首字母缩略词“OCT”——本体论立足概念（Ontological from the concept），宇宙论追溯因果（Cosmological from causation），目的论聚焦目的（Teleological from purpose）。可以想象一只章鱼（octopus）：头部代表本体论的概念，触手回伸到第一因是宇宙论，它精密的身体设计则是目的论。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图