📚 Year 10 CCEA Sociology: Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 10 CCEA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terms is essential for success in Year 10 CCEA Sociology. This guide breaks down the most frequently tested terminology into memorable explanations with real-life examples. Each section pairs an English explanation with a Chinese translation to support bilingual learners and deepen conceptual understanding.
掌握关键术语是 Year 10 CCEA 社会学取得好成绩的基础。本指南将考试中最常出现的术语分解成易于记忆的解释，并附上生活实例。每个小节都提供英文解释与中文翻译配对，帮助双语学习者加深对概念的理解。
1. Social Stratification Terms | 社会分层术语
Social stratification refers to the way society is divided into layers or strata based on factors like wealth, power and status. It shapes people's life chances and access to resources.
社会分层是指社会根据财富、权力和地位等因素划分成不同层级，它影响着人们的生活机会和资源获取。
Ascribed status is a social position fixed at birth, such as royalty or caste. It cannot be easily changed through personal effort.
先赋地位是指与生俱来、无法轻易通过个人努力改变的社会位置，例如王室身份或种姓。
Achieved status is earned through individual talent, effort or choices, like becoming a doctor or an athlete.
自致地位是通过个人才能、努力或选择而获得的地位，比如成为医生或运动员。
Social mobility means movement of individuals or groups between different social layers. It can be upward or downward, and structural or individual.
社会流动指个人或群体在不同社会层级之间的移动，可以是向上或向下，也可以是结构性流动或个体流动。
2. Family and Household Terms | 家庭与住户术语
Nuclear family is a family unit consisting of two parents and their dependent children living together. This form is often seen as the traditional ideal in many Western societies.
核心家庭是由一对父母及其未成年子女组成的家庭单位，在许多西方社会常被视为传统理想模式。
Extended family includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, uncles and cousins, often living together or nearby and sharing responsibilities.
扩展家庭包括核心家庭以外的亲属，如祖父母、叔伯、堂表亲，他们往往住在一起或相邻，共同分担责任。
Family diversity acknowledges that families today come in many forms: lone-parent, reconstituted, same-sex, cohabiting, and beanpole families, among others.
家庭多样性承认当代家庭形式多样：单亲家庭、重组家庭、同性家庭、同居家庭、豆杆家庭等。
Cereal packet family is a critical term used by sociologists to describe the idealised, stereotypical image of the nuclear family often portrayed in media and advertising.
麦片盒家庭是社会学家使用的一个批判性术语，形容媒体和广告中描绘的那种理想化、刻板的核心家庭形象。
3. Education Terminology | 教育术语
Hidden curriculum refers to the informal lessons, values and norms taught in school alongside the official curriculum, such as punctuality, obedience and competition.
隐性课程指学校在正式课程之外传授的非正式课程、价值观和规范，如守时、服从和竞争。
Labelling in education occurs when teachers attach a positive or negative tag to a student, which can influence the student's self-concept and academic performance.
标签理论在教育中体现为教师给学生贴上积极或消极的标签，这可能影响学生的自我认知和学业表现。
Self-fulfilling prophecy is a process where a prediction about a student comes true simply because the student internalises the label and behaves accordingly.
自我实现预言是一个过程，指对一名学生的预测仅仅因为学生内化了标签并按此行事而成为现实。
Streaming means grouping students by perceived ability into different classes or tracks, which can reinforce inequalities.
分流是指根据学生的能力认知将学生分入不同的班级或轨道，这可能加剧不平等。
4. Research Methods Terms | 研究方法术语
Primary data is information collected first-hand by the researcher for a specific purpose, such as through questionnaires, interviews or observations.
一手数据是研究者为特定目的而亲自收集的信息，例如通过问卷、访谈或观察获得。
Secondary data refers to existing information gathered by someone else, like official statistics, historical documents or media reports.
二手数据是指由他人收集的现有信息，如官方统计数据、历史文件或媒体报道。
Validity means the extent to which a research method measures what it claims to measure – does it give a true picture?
效度指研究方法在多大程度上测量了它声称要测量的内容——它是否呈现了真实情况。
Reliability is about consistency: if the same study is repeated, will it yield the same results?
信度关乎一致性：如果重复同一项研究，是否会得到相同的结果。
5. Crime and Deviance Terminology | 犯罪与越轨术语
Deviance is behaviour that goes against the norms and values of a society, but it is not always criminal. For example, dyeing your hair bright pink may be deviant but not illegal.
越轨是指违反社会规范和价值观的行为，但不一定构成犯罪。例如染亮粉色头发可能是越轨行为，但不违法。
Crime is an act that breaks the formal laws of a society and is punishable by the state. What counts as a crime varies across time and culture.
犯罪是指违反社会正式法律并会受到国家惩罚的行为。什么算犯罪因时间和文化而异。
White-collar crime refers to financially motivated, non-violent crime committed by business or government professionals, such as fraud or embezzlement.
白领犯罪指由商业或政府专业人员实施的经济动机、非暴力犯罪，如欺诈或挪用公款。
Moral panic is an exaggerated public reaction to a perceived social problem, often fuelled by media amplification. An example is the mods and rockers panic described by Stan Cohen.
道德恐慌是公众对某一社会问题作出的过度反应，常因媒体渲染而放大。例如斯坦·科恩描述的摩登派与摇滚派恐慌。
6. Socialisation and Identity Terms | 社会化与身份术语
Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood, mainly within the family, where children learn basic language, values and norms.
初级社会化发生在幼儿时期，主要是在家庭内，儿童学习基本的语言、价值观和规范。
Secondary socialisation happens later through institutions like schools, peer groups, media and religion, continuing throughout life.
次级社会化随后通过学校、同伴群体、媒体和宗教等机构发生，贯穿一生。
Norms are unwritten rules of behaviour shared by members of a society, such as queuing in a shop or saying 'thank you'.
规范是社会成员共同遵守的不成文行为规则，例如在商店排队或说“谢谢”。
Values are deeper beliefs about what is right and wrong, good and bad, which underpin norms. Examples include respect for life and honesty.
价值观是关于对与错、好与坏的深层信念，是规范的基础。例如尊重生命和诚实。
7. Power and Politics Terms | 权力与政治术语
Power is the ability to influence or control the behaviour of others, even against their will. Sociologists distinguish between coercive power and legitimate authority.
权力是指影响或控制他人行为的能力，即使违背其意愿。社会学家区分了强制权力与合法权威。
Authority is power that is accepted as rightful by those it is exercised over. Max Weber identified three types: traditional, charismatic and legal-rational authority.
权威是被施以权力者视为正当的权力。马克斯·韦伯划分了三种类型：传统型、魅力型和法理型权威。
State refers to the political institutions that govern a country, including the government, civil service, judiciary, police and military.
国家指治理一个国家的政治机构，包括政府、文官、司法、警察和军队。
Pluralism is the idea that power in society is spread among many competing interest groups, preventing any single group from dominating.
多元主义认为社会中的权力分散在许多相互竞争的利益集团中，从而防止单一集团独大。
8. Media and Representation Terms | 媒体与再现术语
Media representation is the way the media portrays particular groups, events or issues. Representations can reinforce stereotypes or challenge them.
媒体再现是指媒体描绘特定群体、事件或议题的方式。再现可以强化刻板印象，也可以挑战刻板印象。
Gatekeeping describes the process by which media controllers decide what information reaches the public. It influences which stories are covered and which are ignored.
把关描述了媒体掌控者决定哪些信息能传达给公众的过程，它影响哪些故事被报道，哪些被忽略。
Agenda-setting is the power of the media to shape what the public thinks about by selecting and emphasising certain topics.
议程设置指媒体通过选择和强调某些话题来塑造公众想什么的权力。
Digital divide refers to the gap between those who have access to digital technology and the internet, and those who do not, often based on class, age or geography.
数字鸿沟指能够访问数字技术和互联网的人与不能访问的人之间的差距，往往基于阶级、年龄或地理因素。
9. Globalisation and Culture Terms | 全球化与文化术语
Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of societies across the world, driven by trade, migration, technology and media. It affects culture, economy and politics.
全球化是指世界各地社会日益紧密的相互联系，由贸易、移民、技术和媒体推动，影响着文化、经济和政治。
Cultural homogenisation is the theory that globalisation is leading to cultures becoming more alike, often modelled on Western consumer culture. The term 'McDonaldization' is often used.
文化同质化是一种理论，认为全球化正导致文化越来越相似，常以西方消费文化为模板。“麦当劳化”一词常被使用。
Cultural hybridity describes the mixing of different cultural influences to create new, blended forms – for example, British-Chinese fusion food or K-pop drawing on Western styles.
文化混杂描述了不同文化影响混合产生新的融合形式，例如英式中餐或借鉴西方风格的韩流音乐。
Glocalisation is the adaptation of global products or ideas to fit local cultural contexts. Think of McDonald's offering rice burgers in some Asian countries.
全球本地化指全球产品或理念为适应本土文化语境而作出的调整，比如麦当劳在一些亚洲国家提供米汉堡。
10. Welfare and Inequality Terms | 福利与不平等术语
Welfare state is a system in which the government provides a safety net of services and benefits, such as healthcare, education and housing, to reduce inequality and protect citizens.
福利国家是指政府提供一系列服务和福利作为安全网，如医疗、教育和住房，以减少不平等并保护公民。
Relative poverty means lacking resources to fully participate in normal activities of a particular society, defined in comparison to others. It is about social exclusion, not just survival.
相对贫困指缺乏资源来充分参与特定社会的正常活动，是与他人比较而定义的，关乎社会排斥而非仅仅是生存。
Absolute poverty is a severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation and shelter. This is often measured by a universal poverty line.
绝对贫困是对人类基本需求的严重剥夺，包括食物、安全饮用水、卫生设施和住所，通常用统一的贫困线来衡量。
Life chances is a Weberian concept referring to the opportunities individuals have to improve their quality of life, heavily influenced by class, gender and ethnicity.
生活机会是韦伯提出的一个概念，指个人改善其生活质量的机会，深受阶级、性别和族裔的影响。
11. Key Theoretical Perspectives Summarised | 主要理论视角总结
| Perspective | Key Idea | 理论视角 | 核心观点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Functionalism | Society is like a body; each part works together to maintain stability. Social institutions serve positive functions. | 功能主义 | 社会像一个有机体，各部分协同维持稳定。社会机构发挥正面功能。 |
| Marxism | Society is characterised by class conflict between the bourgeoisie (ruling class) and the proletariat (working class). | 马克思主义 | 社会以资产阶级（统治阶级）和无产阶级（工人阶级）之间的阶级冲突为特征。 |
| Feminism | Gender inequality is pervasive; society is patriarchal. Feminists seek to understand and end women's subordination. | 女性主义 | 性别不平等普遍存在；社会是父权制的。女性主义者试图理解并终结女性的从属地位。 |
| Interactionism | Focuses on small-scale, face-to-face interactions and how individuals interpret and give meaning to social situations. | 互动论 | 关注小范围、面对面的互动，以及个体如何解读社会情境并赋予意义。 |
Use this table to quickly compare the main lenses sociologists use to analyse society. Each perspective offers a different explanation for social phenomena.
使用此表快速比较社会学家用于分析社会的主要视角。每种视角都对社会现象提供了不同的解释。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图