📚 Year 11 OCR Psychology Key Term Memory Guide | 11年级OCR心理学关键术语速记指南
This guide covers essential psychology terms for OCR GCSE, with quick memory aids to help you recall definitions precisely in exams. Mastering the terminology is half the battle – once you can fluently name the concepts, the evaluation and application become much easier.
本指南涵盖了OCR GCSE心理学必备术语，并提供快速记忆方法，帮助你在考试中准确回忆定义。掌握术语是成功的一半——一旦你能流畅地命名概念，评估和应用就会变得简单得多。
1. Research Methods Terms | 研究方法术语
Independent variable (IV) – The factor the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates in an experiment to see if it affects the dependent variable. Think “I change the IV, I look for the DV”.
独立变量（IV） – 研究中实验者有意改变或操纵的因素，以观察它是否会影响到因变量。记住“我先改变IV，再观察DV”。
Dependent variable (DV) – The factor that is measured in an experiment; it depends on the independent variable. Picture the DV as the “data” you collect.
因变量（DV） – 实验中测量到的因素；它依赖于独立变量。把DV想象成你收集的“数据”（data）。
Extraneous variable – Any variable other than the IV that might affect the DV if not controlled. Think of it as “extra” noise you need to silence.
无关变量 – 除IV之外任何可能影响DV的变量，若不控制便会干扰结果。把它想象成需要消除的“额外”噪音。
Hypothesis – A clear, testable prediction stating how the IV will affect the DV. In OCR, you often need to distinguish between a null hypothesis (“no difference”) and an alternative hypothesis (“there is a difference”).
假设 – 一个清晰、可验证的预测，说明IV将如何影响DV。在OCR考试中，你常需要区分零假设（“没有差异”）和备择假设（“有差异”）。
Operationalisation – Defining exactly how you will measure or manipulate the variables. For example, “memory” operationalised as “number of words recalled from a list of 20”. This makes your procedure repeatable.
操作化定义 – 明确说明你将如何测量或操纵变量。例如将“记忆力”操作化为“从20个单词列表中回忆起的单词数”。这使你的程序可重复。
Demand characteristics – Cues in an experiment that might reveal the aim to participants, causing them to change their behaviour. Remember “demand” as the situation demanding a certain response.
需求特征 – 实验中可能向参与者透露研究目的的线索，导致他们改变自身行为。记住“需求”意味着情境要求了某种特定的反应。
Social desirability bias – A tendency for participants to give answers that make them look good rather than what is true. It is a common issue in questionnaires and interviews.
社会期许偏差 – 参与者倾向于给出让他们看起来更好的回答，而非真实情况。这是问卷和访谈中常见的问题。
Sample vs. population – The population is the total group the researcher wants to study; the sample is the smaller group selected to take part. Think of the sample as a “slice of the population cake”.
样本与总体 – 总体是研究者想研究的整个群体；样本是从中选出参与研究的小群体。把样本想象成“人口蛋糕中的一块切片”。
Random sampling – Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being chosen. It reduces bias but can be time-consuming.
随机抽样 – 目标总体中的每个成员都有同等机会被选中。这能减少偏差，但较为耗时。
Stratified sampling – The population is divided into subgroups (strata) and participants are randomly selected from each subgroup in proportion to their size. This ensures representation of key groups.
分层抽样 – 将总体划分为亚组（层），然后按各亚组所占比例随机选取参与者。这能确保关键群体的代表性。
2. Memory Terms | 记忆术语
Encoding – The process of changing sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory. The three main types are visual, acoustic and semantic. Think “encode” like writing a file in a format your brain can save.
编码 – 将感觉输入转化为可储存形式的过程。三种主要类型为视觉、听觉和语义编码。想象“编码”就像用大脑能保存的格式写入一个文件。
Storage – Keeping information in memory over time. The multi-store model sees this as moving information through sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.
储存 – 随时间将信息保留在记忆中。多存储模型将其视为信息在感觉记忆、短时记忆和长时记忆之间移动。
Retrieval – Accessing stored information when it is needed. Retrieval failure can explain forgetting in exams – you may need the right cue.
提取 – 在需要时调取储存的信息。提取失败可以解释考试中的遗忘——你可能需要正确的线索。
Short-term memory (STM) – A temporary store with limited capacity (about 7±2 items) and brief duration (around 18–30 seconds without rehearsal). Chunking helps increase STM capacity.
短时记忆（STM） – 一个临时存储，容量有限（约7±2个项目），持续时间短暂（无复述时约18–30秒）。组块化有助于增加STM的容量。
Long-term memory (LTM) – A potentially permanent store with unlimited capacity and duration. Semantic LTM stores facts, episodic LTM stores personal events, procedural LTM stores skills.
长时记忆（LTM） – 一个容量和持续时间几乎无限的永久性存储。语义LTM存储事实，情景LTM存储个人事件，程序性LTM存储技能。
Rehearsal – Mentally repeating information to keep it in STM or transfer it to LTM. Elaborative rehearsal links new information to existing knowledge, which is more effective.
复述 – 心理上重复信息以使其保留在STM中或转入LTM。精细复述将新信息与已有知识联系起来，效果更佳。
Primacy and recency effects – The tendency to recall the first items (primacy) and last items (recency) in a list better than middle items. This supports the multi-store model and separate STM/LTM stores.
首位效应与新近效应 – 回忆列表时，开头项目（首位）和末尾项目（新近）的回忆成绩往往优于中间项目。这支持了多存储模型及STM/LTM分离的观点。
Interference – Forgetting because one memory disrupts another. Proactive interference: old learning disrupts new; retroactive interference: new learning disrupts old.
干扰 – 由于一段记忆干扰另一段而导致的遗忘。前摄干扰：旧知识干扰新知识；倒摄干扰：新知识干扰旧知识。
3. Perception Terms | 感知术语
Sensation – The raw data received by sense receptors (e.g. light hitting the retina). Perception is the brain’s interpretation of these sensations.
感觉 – 感受器接收到的原始数据（例如，光线照射到视网膜）。知觉是大脑对这些感觉的解读。
Binocular depth cues – Cues that require both eyes, such as retinal disparity (the slightly different image each eye receives) and convergence (eyes turning inward for near objects).
双眼深度线索 – 需要双眼配合的线索，如双眼视差（每只眼收到的图像略微不同）和辐合（看近物时双眼向内转动）。
Monocular depth cues – Cues that can be used with one eye, for example relative size, texture gradient, height in plane and linear perspective. These are often used by artists.
单眼深度线索 – 仅用一只眼即可使用的线索，如相对大小、纹理梯度、平面高度和线条透视。艺术家常利用这些线索。
Visual constancies – The brain’s ability to perceive objects as unchanging even when the sensory input changes. Size constancy, shape constancy and colour constancy are key examples.
视觉恒常性 – 大脑在感觉输入变化时仍能将物体感知为不变的能力。大小恒常性、形状恒常性和颜色恒常性是主要表现。
Gibson’s direct theory – Perception is innate and direct, driven by optic flow and affordances, without the need for prior learning. The environment provides all the information we need.
吉布森的直接理论 – 知觉是先天和直接的，由光流和功能承受力驱动，无需先前学习。环境提供了我们所需的全部信息。
Gregory’s constructivist theory – Perception is actively constructed by the brain using past experience, expectations and inference. Visual illusions support this theory because the brain makes a “best guess”.
格里高利的构建主义理论 – 知觉由大脑利用过去经验、期望和推理主动构建。视错觉支持这一理论，因为大脑做出了“最佳猜测”。
4. Social Influence Terms | 社会影响术语
Conformity – A change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group. It can be driven by normative social influence (wanting to be liked) or informational social influence (wanting to be right).
从众 – 为与群体一致而改变自身行为或信念。可由规范社会影响（希望被喜欢）或信息社会影响（希望正确）驱动。
Obedience – Following the direct orders of an authority figure, even if it goes against personal values. Milgram's study famously demonstrated the power of the situation.
服从 – 遵从权威人物的直接指令，即使违背个人价值观。米尔格拉姆的研究经典地展示了情境的力量。
Authority figure – Someone perceived to have higher status or expertise, increasing the likelihood of obedience. Uniforms and titles often signal authority.
权威人物 – 被视为拥有更高地位或专业知识的人，能增加服从的可能性。制服和头衔常常传递权威信号。
Locus of control – Rotter’s concept describing how much a person believes they control their own destiny. High internal: you make things happen; high external: luck or others are in charge. Internals tend to resist conformity and obedience more.
控制点 – 罗特的概念，描述个体在多大程度上相信他们掌控自己的命运。高内控：你让事情发生；高外控：运气或他人主宰。内控者往往更能抵抗从众与服从。
Bystander effect – The finding that people are less likely to help a victim when others are present. Diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance help explain it.
旁观者效应 – 当有其他人在场时，个体较不可能伸出援手。责任扩散和多数无知有助于解释这一现象。
Diffusion of responsibility – Each person feels less personal responsibility to act because others are present. Think “everyone thought someone else would call for help”.
责任扩散 – 他人在场时，每个人都觉得个人行动的责任减少。想想“所有人都以为别人会去求助”。
5. Brain & Neuropsychology Terms | 大脑与神经心理学术语
Central nervous system (CNS) – The brain and spinal cord, which process information and coordinate actions. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
中枢神经系统（CNS） – 由脑和脊髓组成，负责处理信息并协调行动。周围神经系统（PNS）将CNS与身体其余部分连接起来。
Neuron – A nerve cell that transmits electrochemical signals. Sensory neurons carry messages from receptors to the CNS; motor neurons send commands to muscles and glands; relay neurons connect them inside the CNS.
神经元 – 传递电化学信号的神经细胞。感觉神经元将信息从感受器传向CNS；运动神经元向肌肉和腺体发送指令；中继神经元在CNS内连接两者。
Synapse – The tiny gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to pass the signal across. Synaptic transmission is key to all brain activity.
突触 – 神经元之间的微小间隙，神经递质在此释放以传递信号。突触传递是所有脑活动的基础。
Frontal lobe – ed in decision-making, personality and voluntary movement. The motor cortex is here. Think “front of brain = frontal, for future planning”.
额叶 – 位于大脑前端，参与决策、人格和随意运动。运动皮层位于此处。记住“额叶=未来的规划”。
Temporal lobe – Found near the temples, key for hearing and memory. The auditory cortex and hippocampus reside here. Note “tempo – time, rhythm, sound”.
颞叶 – 位于太阳穴附近，对听觉和记忆至关重要。听觉皮层和海马体位于此。注意“颞”似“声音节奏”。
Broca's area and Wernicke's area – Broca's area (left frontal lobe) controls speech production; damage leads to broken, effortful speech. Wernicke's area (left temporal lobe) controls language comprehension; damage makes speech fluent but nonsensical.
布罗卡区和韦尼克区 – 布罗卡区（左额叶）控制语言表达；受损导致费力、断裂的言语。韦尼克区（左颞叶）控制语言理解；受损导致言语流利但无意义。
fMRI – Functional magnetic resonance imaging measures brain activity by detecting blood oxygen changes. It shows which areas are active during tasks but does not track timing precisely.
fMRI – 功能性磁共振成像通过检测血氧变化测量脑活动。它能显示任务期间活跃的脑区，但时间精度不高。
6. Psychological Problems Terms | 心理问题术语
Mental health – A state of wellbeing in which a person can cope with normal life stresses, work productively and contribute to their community. It is a continuum, not just the absence of illness.
心理健康 – 一种个体能够应对正常生活压力、富有成效地工作并能为社区做出贡献的安好状态。它是一个连续体，而不仅仅是无病状态。
Stigma – Negative attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes directed toward people with mental health problems. Stigma can prevent individuals from seeking help.
污名化 – 针对有心理健康问题者的消极态度、信念和刻板印象。污名可能阻碍人们寻求帮助。
Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) – A talking therapy that challenges irrational thoughts and encourages new behaviours. It is widely used for depression and anxiety disorders.
认知行为疗法（CBT） – 一种挑战非理性思维并鼓励新行为的谈话疗法。广泛用于抑郁症和焦虑症。
Systematic desensitisation – A behavioural treatment for phobias based on classical conditioning. The patient learns relaxation techniques and gradually faces a hierarchy of feared stimuli.
系统脱敏 – 基于经典条件反射的恐惧症行为治疗方法。患者学习放松技巧，并逐渐面对由低到高的恐惧刺激层级。
Biological explanation of depression – Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are linked to depression. Drug therapies like SSRIs increase serotonin availability at the synapse.
抑郁症的生物学解释 – 神经递质血清素水平低与抑郁症相关。SSRI等药物疗法可增加突触处血清素的可用量。
7. Developmental Psychology Terms | 发展心理学术语
Object permanence – The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. Piaget found infants develop this in the sensorimotor stage (0–2 years).
客体永久性 – 即使看不见物体，也知道它继续存在的理解能力。皮亚杰发现，婴儿在感觉运动阶段（0–2岁）发展出这一能力。
Conservation – The realisation that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance (e.g. liquid in different glasses). Piaget argued this is mastered in the concrete operational stage (7–11 years).
守恒 – 认识到即使外观变化，数量仍保持不变的能力（如不同杯子中的液体）。皮亚杰认为具体运算阶段（7–11岁）掌握这一概念。
Egocentrism – A child’s tendency to view the world only from their own perspective. Piaget’s three mountains task demonstrated that preoperational children struggle with this.
自我中心 – 儿童仅从自己的视角看世界的倾向。皮亚杰的三山任务表明，前运算阶段儿童难以克服自我中心。
Theory of mind – The ability to understand that others have thoughts, feelings and beliefs different from one's own. It is often tested using false-belief tasks like the Sally-Anne task.
心理理论 – 理解他人拥有与自己不同的想法、感受和信念的能力。通常用如Sally-Ann任务这样的错误信念任务来测试。
Growth mindset – Dweck’s idea that intelligence can be developed through effort and practice. Students with a growth mindset embrace challenges and see failure as a learning opportunity.
成长型思维 – 德韦克的观点，认为智力可以通过努力和练习发展。具有成长型思维的学生拥抱挑战，将失败看作学习机会。
Fixed mindset – The belief that intelligence is innate and unchangeable. This can lead to avoidance of effort and giving up easily.
固定型思维 – 认为智力是与生俱来且不可改变的观点。这可能导致逃避努力和轻易放弃。
8. General Memory Tricks for Terms | 术语通用记忆技巧
Acronyms and acrostics – Turn the first letters of a list into a word or a silly sentence. For example, to remember the lobes: 'Fairy Tale Princess Olivia' – Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital. Create your own personal sentence for better recall.
首字母缩略词与藏头句 – 把列表的首字母变成一个新词或一句俏皮话。例如，记住大脑四叶：'Fairy Tale Princess Olivia' – 额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶。创建你自己的句子，记忆效果更好。
Visual imagery – Link a term to a strong mental picture. For 'operationalisation', imagine a scientist literally operating a measuring machine. The more bizarre and vivid the image, the stronger the memory trace.
视觉意象 – 将一个术语与强烈的心理图像联系起来。对于“操作化定义”，想象一位科学家真的在操作一台测量机器。图像越奇异、生动，记忆痕迹越深。
The keyword method – Find a familiar word that sounds like the new term and create an image linking the two. 'Broca' sounds a bit like 'broken speech', which is exactly what damage to Broca’s area causes.
关键词法 – 找一个发音相似且你熟悉的单词，创建二者连接的图像。'Broca'发音有点像'broken speech'（断裂的言语），这正是布罗卡区受损的结果。
Dual coding – Combine verbal definitions with diagrams or flowcharts. Draw the multi-store model, label the IV and DV on a quick sketch of an experiment. Drawing and writing strengthen encoding.
双重编码 – 将语言定义与图表或流程图结合起来。画出多存储模型，在实验简图上标注IV和DV。画图和书写能增强编码。
Self-testing and retrieval practice – Do not just read your notes. Cover the definitions, recall them from memory, then check. Teaching the terms to a friend or family member transforms passive review into active retrieval.
自我测试与提取练习 – 不要光看笔记。遮住定义，凭记忆回忆，再核对。把术语讲给朋友或家人听，能将被动复习转变为主动提取。
Spaced repetition – Revisit terms after increasing intervals (e.g. 1 day, 3 days, 1 week). Use flashcards or apps that schedule reviews. This fights the forgetting curve and pushes terms into long-term memory.
间隔重复 – 按递增的时间间隔复习术语（如1天、3天、1周）。使用闪卡或安排复习的应用程序。这能对抗遗忘曲线，将术语推入长时记忆。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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