📚 Year 11 OCR Business: Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference Guide | OCR 商务公式定理速查手册
This quick reference guide brings together all the essential formulas and key business concepts you need for your OCR GCSE Business (J204) exam. From revenue and break‑even to liquidity ratios and investment appraisal, you will find clear explanations paired with straightforward calculation strategies. Mastering these fundamentals will not only boost your confidence in the exam hall but also help you analyse real‑world business scenarios with precision.
这本速查手册汇集了 OCR GCSE 商务（J204）考试中所有必备的公式和核心概念。从收入与盈亏平衡到流动比率和投资评估，每个公式都配有清晰的解释和简洁的计算方法。掌握这些基础内容不仅能提升你在考场上的信心，还能帮助你精准分析真实的商业情境。
1. Revenue, Costs and Profit | 收入、成本与利润
Revenue is the money coming into a business from sales. It is the starting point for understanding financial performance.
收入是企业通过销售获得的资金流入，是理解财务业绩的起点。
Revenue = Selling Price per Unit × Quantity Sold
收入 = 单位售价 × 销售数量
Total costs are divided into fixed costs (unchanged by output, such as rent) and variable costs (change directly with output, such as raw materials).
总成本分为固定成本（不随产量变化，如租金）和变动成本（随产量直接变化，如原材料）。
Total Costs = Fixed Costs + (Variable Cost per Unit × Quantity)
总成本 = 固定成本 + （单位变动成本 × 数量）
Profit is the reward for taking risks. It is the difference between revenue and total costs.
利润是对承担风险的回报，是收入与总成本之间的差额。
Profit / Loss = Total Revenue − Total Costs
利润／亏损 = 总收入 − 总成本
2. Break‑Even Analysis | 盈亏平衡分析
Break‑even is the level of output where a business makes neither a profit nor a loss. It is a vital decision‑making tool for pricing and target setting.
盈亏平衡点是指企业既不盈利也不亏损的产量水平。它是定价和目标设定的重要决策工具。
Break‑Even Point (units) = Fixed Costs ÷ (Selling Price per Unit − Variable Cost per Unit)
盈亏平衡点（单位） = 固定成本 ÷ （单位售价 − 单位变动成本）
The part in brackets is called contribution per unit – the amount each sale contributes towards covering fixed costs and generating profit.
括号内的部分称为单位边际贡献，即每件销售为覆盖固定成本和创造利润所贡献的金额。
Contribution per Unit = Selling Price per Unit − Variable Cost per Unit
单位边际贡献 = 单位售价 − 单位变动成本
You can also calculate the break‑even point in revenue terms or use a break‑even chart to visualise the point where total revenue and total cost lines intersect.
还可以用收入金额计算盈亏平衡点，或使用盈亏平衡图直观展示总收入线与总成本线的交点。
3. Cash Flow Forecasting | 现金流量预测
A cash flow forecast shows the expected flow of money in and out of a business over a period. It helps identify liquidity problems before they happen.
现金流量预测显示了一段时期内企业预计的现金流入和流出，有助于提前识别流动性问题。
Net Cash Flow = Total Cash Inflows − Total Cash Outflows
净现金流量 = 现金流入总额 − 现金流出总额
Closing Balance = Opening Balance + Net Cash Flow
期末余额 = 期初余额 + 净现金流量
Remember that cash and profit are different: profitable businesses can still run out of cash. Always watch the closing balance.
切记现金与利润不同：盈利的企业仍可能出现现金短缺。务必关注期末余额。
4. Profit Margins | 利润率
Profit margins measure how much profit a business makes relative to its revenue. They help compare performance over time or with competitors.
利润率衡量企业相对于其收入创造利润的能力，有助于对比历史表现或与竞争对手进行比较。
Gross Profit = Revenue − Cost of Sales
毛利 = 收入 − 销售成本
Gross Profit Margin (%) = (Gross Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100
毛利率（%） = （毛利 ÷ 收入） × 100
Net Profit = Gross Profit − Expenses
净利润 = 毛利 − 各项费用
Net Profit Margin (%) = (Net Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100
净利润率（%） = （净利润 ÷ 收入） × 100
A high margin suggests strong control over costs or pricing power. A falling margin may signal trouble.
高利润率表明企业成本控制良好或具有较强的定价权，利润率下降则可能预示问题。
5. Average Rate of Return (ARR) | 平均回报率
ARR is an investment appraisal method that measures the annual average profit of a project as a percentage of the initial investment cost.
平均回报率是一种投资评估方法，以年均利润占初始投资成本的百分比来衡量项目的收益水平。
Average Annual Profit = Total Profit over the Project's Life ÷ Number of Years
平均年利润 = 项目周期内的总利润 ÷ 年数
ARR (%) = (Average Annual Profit ÷ Initial Investment) × 100
平均回报率（%） = （平均年利润 ÷ 初始投资额） × 100
The higher the ARR, the more attractive the investment. Remember to compare it with the business's target rate or alternative projects.
平均回报率越高，投资越具吸引力。记得将其与企业目标回报率或其他项目进行比较。
6. Liquidity Ratios | 流动比率
Liquidity ratios assess whether a business can meet its short‑term debts as they fall due. Two key ratios are tested.
流动比率用于评估企业是否有能力偿还到期短期债务。考试主要涉及两个关键比率。
Current Ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities
流动比率 = 流动资产 ÷ 流动负债
Acid Test Ratio = (Current Assets − Inventories) ÷ Current Liabilities
酸性测试比率 = （流动资产 − 存货） ÷ 流动负债
A current ratio around 1.5 to 2:1 is often considered healthy, while the acid test ratio excludes the least liquid asset (stock), so a ratio above 1:1 is reassuring.
流动比率通常以 1.5 至 2:1 为宜；酸性测试比率剔除了流动性最差的存货，因此高于 1:1 较为安全。
7. Working Capital and Its Cycle | 营运资本及其循环
Working capital is the day‑to‑day finance needed to keep a business trading. It is a measure of short‑term financial health.
营运资本是企业日常经营所需的资金，是衡量短期财务健康状况的指标。
Working Capital = Current Assets − Current Liabilities
营运资本 = 流动资产 − 流动负债
The working capital cycle involves managing stock, trade receivables and trade payables to ensure cash is available when needed. A negative working capital figure can be a warning sign, though it depends on the industry.
营运资本循环涉及管理存货、应收账款和应付账款，以确保需要时有可用现金。负的营运资本可能是一个警示信号，但也因行业而异。
8. Labour Productivity and Unit Costs | 劳动生产率与单位成本
Productivity measures how efficiently resources are turned into output. Improving productivity can lower unit costs and increase profitability.
生产率衡量资源转化为产出的效率。提高生产率可以降低单位成本并增加盈利能力。
Labour Productivity = Total Output ÷ Number of Employees
劳动生产率 = 总产量 ÷ 员工人数
Average Unit Cost = Total Costs ÷ Total Output
平均单位成本 = 总成本 ÷ 总产量
Falling unit costs often give a business a competitive advantage, allowing it to lower prices or increase margins.
单位成本下降通常赋予企业竞争优势，可以降低售价或提高利润空间。
9. Marketing and Sales Metrics | 营销与销售指标
Measuring marketing effectiveness involves a handful of simple but powerful formulas that link directly to revenue and growth.
衡量营销效果需要几个简单而强大的公式，它们与收入增长直接相关。
Market Share (%) = (Business's Sales Revenue ÷ Total Market Sales Revenue) × 100
市场份额（%） = （企业销售收入 ÷ 市场总销售收入） × 100
Sales Growth (%) = [(Sales This Year − Sales Last Year) ÷ Sales Last Year] × 100
销售增长率（%） = [（今年销售额 − 去年销售额） ÷ 去年销售额] × 100
Market share indicates competitiveness, while sales growth shows how quickly the business is expanding. Both are vital for setting realistic targets.
市场份额反映竞争力，销售增长率则表明企业扩张的速度。两者对于设定切实可行的目标都至关重要。
10. Key Business Models and Decision Tools | 关键商业模型与决策工具
Beyond calculations, OCR Business requires you to apply several models that structure your analysis and evaluation. These are not formulas, but they are essential ‘theorems’ of business thinking.
除了计算，OCR 商务还要求你运用一系列模型来构建分析与评估。这些虽不是公式，却是商业思维中必不可少的“定理”。
- Product Life Cycle – introduction, growth, maturity, decline. Used to plan marketing mix changes. / 产品生命周期 – 导入期、成长期、成熟期、衰退期，用于规划营销组合的变化。
- Marketing Mix (4Ps) – Product, Price, Place, Promotion. A framework for meeting customer needs. / 营销组合（4P） – 产品、定价、渠道、促销，满足客户需求的框架。
- Boston Matrix – Stars, Cash Cows, Question Marks, Dogs. Helps manage a product portfolio. / 波士顿矩阵 – 明星、现金牛、问题儿童、瘦狗，帮助管理产品组合。
- PESTLE Analysis – external factors (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Environmental). / PESTLE 分析 – 外部因素（政治、经济、社会、技术、法律、环境）。
- Sources of Finance Matching – align short‑term needs with short‑term funding (overdrafts) and long‑term needs with long‑term funding (loans, share capital). / 融资匹配原则 – 短期需求匹配短期融资（透支），长期需求匹配长期融资（贷款、股本）。
Using these models in your answers will demonstrate analysis and application, pushing your marks into the higher bands.
在答案中运用这些模型能展现分析与应用能力，让分数进入更高等级。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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