📚 Year 11 OCR Science: Key Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 OCR 科学：核心术语速记指南
Mastering key scientific terminology is essential for success in Year 11 OCR Science. This guide provides concise definitions and memory tips for the most important terms across Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. Use it for quick revision and to build confidence before your exams.
掌握核心科学术语是 Year 11 OCR 科学取得成功的关键。本指南提供了生物、化学和物理中最重要的术语的简明定义和记忆提示，适合快速复习并在考前建立信心。
1. Matter and Particles | 物质与粒子
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can exist and take part in a chemical reaction. It consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons arranged in shells. The number of protons (atomic number) defines the element.
原子：元素中能够存在并参与化学反应的最小粒子。它由一个包含质子和中子的原子核以及按壳层排列的电子组成。质子数（原子序数）决定了元素的种类。
Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom. Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. They are listed on the Periodic Table, each with a unique symbol.
元素：只由一种原子组成的纯净物。元素不能通过化学方法分解为更简单的物质。它们列在元素周期表中，每种元素都有独特的符号。
Compound: A substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together in fixed proportions. Compounds have different properties from their constituent elements and can be separated only by chemical reactions.
化合物：两种或多种不同元素以固定比例通过化学键结合而形成的物质。化合物的性质与其组成元素不同，只能通过化学反应进行分离。
Molecule: A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. It is the smallest unit of a covalent compound or element (e.g., O₂) that retains the chemical properties of that substance.
分子：由共价键结合在一起的两个或两个以上的原子组成的基团。它是共价化合物或元素（如 O₂）保持该物质化学性质的最小单位。
Ion: An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, giving it an overall electrical charge. Positively charged ions are cations (e.g., Na⁺), and negatively charged ions are anions (e.g., Cl⁻).
离子：通过获得或失去一个或多个电子而带有净电荷的原子或原子团。带正电的离子是阳离子（如 Na⁺），带负电的离子是阴离子（如 Cl⁻）。
Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and can be separated by physical techniques (e.g., filtration, distillation). The components retain their individual properties.
混合物：两种或多种没有化学结合、可以通过物理方法（如过滤、蒸馏）分离的物质的组合。各组分保持自身的性质。
2. Chemical Bonding | 化学键
Ionic bonding: The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. It typically occurs between a metal and a non-metal, where electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal, forming a giant ionic lattice.
离子键：带相反电荷离子之间的静电吸引力。通常发生在金属和非金属之间，电子从金属转移到非金属，形成巨型离子晶格。
Covalent bonding: The sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between non-metal atoms. This can give rise to simple molecules (e.g., H₂O) or giant covalent structures (e.g., diamond, SiO₂).
共价键：非金属原子之间共享一对或多对电子。这可以产生简单分子（如 H₂O）或巨型共价结构（如金刚石、SiO₂）。
Metallic bonding: The attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons. This bonding explains properties like electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility in metals.
金属键：正金属离子晶格与“离域电子海”之间的吸引力。这种键解释了金属的导电性、延展性和展性等性质。
Giant ionic lattice: A regular, repeating arrangement of oppositely charged ions held together by strong electrostatic forces. These structures have high melting points and conduct electricity only when molten or dissolved in water.
巨型离子晶格：由强大的静电力将带相反电荷的离子维系在一起的有规律重复排列。这些结构具有高熔点，并且仅在熔融或溶于水时导电。
Giant covalent structure: A network of atoms connected by covalent bonds throughout the whole structure. Examples include diamond and silicon dioxide. They are very hard, have high melting points, and are typically non-conductive (except graphite).
巨型共价结构：整个结构由共价键连接的原子网络。例如金刚石和二氧化硅。它们非常坚硬，熔点很高，通常不导电（石墨除外）。
Delocalised electrons: Electrons that are not associated with a particular atom or bond and are free to move throughout the structure. They are found in metallic bonding and in graphite, enabling electrical conductivity.
离域电子：不与某个特定原子或键相关联并且可以在整个结构中自由移动的电子。它们存在于金属键和石墨中，使得材料具有导电性。
3. Energy and Energy Transfers | 能量与能量转移
Kinetic energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion. It depends on both mass and velocity. The greater the mass and the faster the speed, the more kinetic energy the object has.
动能：物体由于运动而具有的能量。它取决于质量和速度。质量越大、速度越快，物体的动能就越大。
Kinetic energy: Eₖ = ½ m v²
动能：Eₖ = ½ m v²
Gravitational potential energy: Energy stored in an object due to its position in a gravitational field. It is directly proportional to mass, gravitational field strength, and height above a reference point.
重力势能：物体因其在重力场中的位置而储存的能量。它与质量、重力场强度和参考点以上高度成正比。
Gravitational potential energy: Eₚ = m g h
重力势能：Eₚ = m g h
Principle of conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred usefully, stored, or dissipated, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The total energy of a closed system remains constant.
能量守恒原理：能量可以被有效转移、储存或耗散，但不能被创造或消灭。封闭系统的总能量保持不变。
System: In physics, a system is a single object or a group of objects that you are considering. Changes in energy are described as transfers into or out of the system between energy stores.
系统：在物理学中，系统是你正在考虑的一个物体或一组物体。能量变化被描述为能量在储存库之间进出系统的转移。
Work done: Work is done when a force acts on an object and causes it to move. Work done equals the energy transferred. It is measured in joules (J).
做功：当力作用在物体上并使其移动时，就做了功。做的功等于转移的能量。其单位为焦耳（J）。
Work done = force × distance (W = F d)
做功 = 力 × 距离 (W = F d)
4. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Displacement: The distance an object moves in a given direction; a vector quantity. It differs from distance, which is a scalar and only measures how much ground has been covered.
位移：物体在给定方向上移动的距离；是一个矢量。它与距离不同，距离是一个标量，仅衡量经过的路程长度。
Velocity: The speed of an object in a particular direction. It is a vector quantity, and changes in velocity can be due to changes in speed, direction, or both.
速度：物体在特定方向上的速率。它是一个矢量，速度的变化可以由速率、方向或两者的改变引起。
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity. It is a vector quantity measured in metres per second squared (m/s²). An object accelerates when it speeds up, slows down, or changes direction.
加速度：速度的变化率。它是矢量，单位为米每二次方秒 (m/s²)。当物体加速、减速或改变方向时，它都在加速。
Resultant force: The single force that represents the vector sum of all forces acting on an object. When the resultant force is zero, the object remains stationary or continues moving at constant velocity.
合力：代表作用在物体上所有力的矢量和的单个力。当合力为零时，物体保持静止或继续以恒定速度运动。
Newton's Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the resultant force acting upon it and inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of acceleration is the same as that of the resultant force.
牛顿第二定律：物体的加速度与作用在其上的合力成正比，与其质量成反比。加速度的方向与合力
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