Year 11 OCR Physics: Key Terms & Memory Guide | Year 11 OCR 物理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 OCR Physics: Key Terms & Memory Guide | Year 11 OCR 物理：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering physics vocabulary is the gateway to understanding concepts and acing exam questions. This guide breaks down the essential Year 11 OCR Physics terms into bite-sized chunks, each paired with a quick memory trick to lock the meaning in your long-term memory. Whether you're revising energy transfers or unravelling the electromagnetic spectrum, these mnemonics and plain-English explanations will speed up your recall and boost your confidence.

掌握物理词汇是理解概念、攻克考题的钥匙。本速记指南将 Year 11 OCR 物理的核心术语拆分成易消化的小块，每一条都配上一个快速记忆妙招，让含义牢牢记入长期记忆。无论你是在复习能量转移还是梳理电磁波谱，这些助记符和简洁的解释都会加快你的回忆速度，增强你的信心。

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1. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移

Kinetic Energy (KE) – d by a moving object. KE = ½ × mass × speed². When speed doubles, KE quadruples. Mnemonic: 'Speed squared – energy spared?' No, it explodes! Think of a sprinting cheetah.

动能 – 运动物体所携带的能量。KE = ½ × 质量 × 速度²。速度加倍，动能变为四倍。记忆法："速度平方，能量暴涨"——想象一头冲刺的猎豹。

Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) – energy stored due to an object' eight. GPE = mass × gravitational field strength (10 N/kg on Earth) × height. Memory hook: 'Gravitational Potential – how high you go determines your energy show!'

重力势能 – 物体因高度而储存的能量。GPE = 质量 × 重力场强度 × 高度。记忆法："升得越高，势能越傲"。

Elastic Potential Energy – in a stretched or compressed spring. Formula: ½ × spring constant × extension². Remember: 'Stretch it, stress it – elastic energy is ready to impress it.'

弹性势能 – 拉伸或压缩的弹簧中储存的能量。公式：½ × 弹性系数 × 伸长量²。记法："拉得越开，弹力蓄势待发"。

Conservation of Energy – energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred, stored or dissipated. Think of it as nature's unbreakable bank account. 'Energy is always around, it just moves without a sound.'

能量守恒 – 能量既不能凭空产生，也不能凭空消失，只能转移、储存或耗散。把它看作大自然牢不可破的银行账户。'能量永在，只是静静流转。'

Work Done – a force moves an object, work is done. Work = force × distance. Units: joules (J). Memory: 'Work is when force goes on a journey.'

做功 – 力使物体移动时，就做了功。功 = 力 × 距离，单位焦耳。记忆：'力走多远，功就多大。'

Power – energy transfer. Power = energy ÷ time or work done ÷ time. Unit: watt (W). Quick recall: 'Power is how fast you spend your energy cash.'

功率 – 能量转移的快慢。功率 = 能量 ÷ 时间。单位瓦特。助记：'功率就是花钱的速度——能量烧得越快，功率越大。'

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2. Electricity Fundamentals | 电学基础

Current (I) – the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a single loop, current is the same everywhere. Mnemonic: 'Current is the charge's march – same soldiers all along the arch.'

电流 – 电荷的流动，单位安培。在单一回路中，各处电流相等。记忆：'电流像行军，同路同兵。'

Potential Difference (p.d.) / Voltage (V) – the energy transferred per unit charge. Unit: volt (V) = J/C. Memory: 'Voltage pushes charge through; it's the electrical pressure you view.'

电势差（电压） – 每单位电荷转移的能量。单位伏特。记法：'电压就是电的"推力"，推着电荷跑。'

Resistance (R) – current. Unit: ohm (Ω). R = V ÷ I. Hotter wires usually have higher resistance. Mnemonic: 'Resistance resists – the narrower and longer, the more it persists.'

电阻 – 对电流的阻碍，单位欧姆。电阻 = 电压 ÷ 电流。记法：'电阻阻碍电流，细长导线阻力大。'

Ohm's Law: V = I × R

欧姆定律：电压 = 电流 × 电阻

Series Circuit – current is the same everywhere; p.d. splits across components. The total resistance adds up. Memory phrase: 'In series, current is a one-lane road, voltage takes a load.'

串联电路 – 电流处处相等；电压在元件间分配。总电阻=各电阻之和。记忆：'串联电流一条道，电压分着跑。'

Parallel Circuit – p.d. is the same across each branch; current splits. Total resistance decreases. Think: 'Parallel paths let more current flow, like opening extra lanes on a motorway.'

并联电路 – 各支路电压相等；电流分流。总电阻减小。想象：'并联就像多开几条车道，电流更畅快。'

Electrical Power – P = I × V, also P = I² × R. Mnemonic: 'Power in electricity – it's IV league, always a bright peak.'

电功率 – P = I × V。助记：'电功率 IV 组合，发光发热靠它。'

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3. Particle Model and Density | 粒子模型与密度

Density (ρ) – mass per unit volume. ρ = mass ÷ volume. Units: kg/m³ or g/cm³. Memory: 'Dense things pack particles tight – lead sinks, cork takes flight.'

密度 – 单位体积的质量，ρ = 质量 ÷ 体积。记法：'密实的物体粒子紧实——铅下沉，软木浮。'

States of Matter – solids (fixed shape, vibrate in place), liquids (fixed volume, flow), gases (no fixed shape or volume, fly freely). Mnemonic chant: 'Solid stay, liquid flow, gas go!'

物质状态 – 固态（形状固定，原地振动），液态（体积固定，流动），气态（无固定形状或体积，自由运动）。口诀：'固体稳，液体流，气体到处走。'

Internal Energy – the total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a system. Heating increases internal energy. Remember: 'Internal energy – the buzz inside; heat it up and watch it glide.'

内能 – 系统内所有粒子动能与势能的总和。加热使内能增加。记法：'内能是粒子内部的"闹腾"，升温就活跃。'

Specific Heat Capacity – needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. ΔE = m × c × Δθ. Mnemonic: 'SHC – how stubborn a substance is to temperature change; water's high, so it's slow to rearrange.'

比热容 – 1千克物质升高1°C所需能量。公式：ΔE = m × c × Δθ。助记：'比热容大，温度难拉；水比热容高，升温慢吞吞。'

Specific Latent Heat – energy needed to change state of 1 kg of a substance without temperature change. Fusion (melting) and vaporisation (boiling). Memory: 'Latent heat is hidden heat – it frees molecules but keeps the degrees discreet.'

比潜热 – 1千克物质在温度不变时改变状态所需能量（熔化潜热、汽化潜热）。记忆：'潜热是"潜伏"的热，改变状态不升温。'

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4. Atomic Structure and Radioactivity | 原子结构与放射性

Atomic Number (Z) – number of protons in the nucleus; defines the element. Mass Number (A) – protons + neutrons. Memory: 'Atomic number is the proton count, mass number is the total amount.'

原子序数 – 质子数，决定元素种类。质量数 – 质子+中子数。记法：'原子序数看质子，质量总数加中子。'

Isotope – atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons (same Z, different A). Mnemonic: 'Isotopes are identical siblings with different weights.'

同位素 – 同种元素、质子数相同、中子数不同的原子。记忆：'同位素就像双胞胎，一个胖点一个瘦点。'

Ionising Radiation – alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ). Alpha: helium nucleus, high ionising, low penetration. Beta: fast electron, medium. Gamma: EM wave, low ionising, high penetration. Use the mnemonic 'Alpha bulky, Beta breezy, Gamma goes through easily.'

电离辐射 – α粒子（氦核，电离强穿透弱），β粒子（快电子，中等），γ射线（电磁波，电离弱穿透强）。记忆："α笨重，β轻盈，γ无缝不钻。"

Half-Life – time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay. It is constant for a given isotope. Think: 'Half-life – every tick, half the stock is gone, like a radioactive clearance sale.'

半衰期 – 一半放射性原子核发生衰变所需的时间，对特定同位素是常数。记忆：'半衰期就像放射性"清仓"，每隔一段，货物减半。'

Activity – at which a source decays, measured in becquerels (Bq). 1 Bq = 1 decay per second. Memory: 'Activity is the nuclear heartbeat – count clicks per second to track it.'

活度 – 放射源衰变的速率，单位贝克勒尔。记忆：'活度是原子核的"心跳"，每秒衰变次数。'

Contamination vs Irradiation – contamination is radioactive substance on/in an object; irradiation is exposure to radiation. Mnemonic: 'Contamination is the dirt that stays, irradiation is the light that plays.'

污染与辐照 – 污染是放射性物质附着；辐照是接受辐射照射。记忆："污染赖着不走，辐照照完就走。"

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5. Forces and Motion Basics | 力与运动基础

Scalar and Vector – scalar has magnitude only (speed, distance), vector has magnitude and direction (velocity, displacement, force). Memory: 'Vectors point the way, scalars just say how much you pay.'

标量与矢量 – 标量只有大小，矢量有大小和方向。记忆：'矢量指方向，标量只说量。'

Resultant Force – verall force acting on an object. When forces are balanced, resultant force = 0. Mnemonic: 'Resultant – the final sum that decides if you accelerate or stay numb.'

合力 – 作用在物体上的总力。平衡时合力为零。记法：'合力定乾坤，加减看方向。'

Newton's First Law – an object stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a resultant force. Inertia! Memory: 'First law – lazy objects keep doing what they do.'

牛顿第一定律 – 物体保持静止或匀速运动，直到外力迫使其改变。惯性！记忆："物体天生懒，没人推就不变。"

Newton's Second Law: F = m × a

牛顿第二定律：力 = 质量 × 加速度

Newton's Third Law – every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Pairs act on different objects. Mnemonic: 'Third law – if you push a wall, it pushes back, no brawl.'

牛顿第三定律 – 作用力与反作用力大小相等、方向相反，作用在不同物体上。记忆："你推墙，墙推你，谁也没赢。"

Weight – force due to gravity. W = m × g (g ≈ 10 N/kg on Earth). Don't confuse with mass! Memory: 'Weight is gravity's pull; mass is the stuff that's full.'

重力（重量） – 因引力产生的力，W = m × g。别和质量混淆！记忆："质量是物质多少，重量是地球的拥抱。"

Momentum – duct of mass and velocity. p = m × v. In a closed system, momentum is conserved. Mnemonic: 'Momentum keeps moving – total before equals total after, perfectly grooving.'

动量 – 质量与速度的乘积，p = m × v。封闭系统中动量守恒。记忆："动量总守恒，碰撞前后总量不变。"

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6. Waves: Properties and Types | 波：性质与类型

Amplitude – maximum displacement from rest position. Tall waves carry more energy. Memory: 'Amplitude – the wave's loud shout; higher means more power out.'

振幅 – 离开平衡位置的最大位移。振幅越大，能量越多。记法："振幅是波的大喊，越高越有劲。"

Wavelength (λ) – distance between two corresponding points on a wave (e.g. crest to crest). Mnemonic: 'Wavelength – one full wave-lengthy loop.'

波长 – 波上两个相邻对应点间的距离。记忆："波长――一个完整的波长大圈子。"

Frequency (f) – ssing a point per second. Unit: hertz (Hz). High frequency = high pitch for sound. Memory: 'Frequency – how frequently the wave wiggles.'

频率 – 每秒通过某点的波数，单位赫兹。频率高音调高。记法："频率就是波摆动的频繁度。"

Period (T) – time for one complete wave to pass. T = 1 ÷ f. Mnemonic: 'Period and frequency are inverse pals; as one speeds, the other falls.'

周期 – 一个完整波通过的时间。周期 = 1/频率。记忆："周期频率是倒数，一个快一个慢。"

Wave Speed: v = f × λ

波速公式：波速 = 频率 × 波长

Transverse Waves – oscillations perpendicular to direction of energy travel (e.g. light, water ripples). Memory: 'Transverse – vibrations travel across, like a wavy rope you toss.'

横波 – 振动方向与传播方向垂直（如光波、水波）。记忆："横波抖动上下摆，像甩绳子那般帅。"

Longitudinal Waves – oscillations parallel to direction of energy travel (e.g. sound). They have compressions and rarefactions. Mnemonic: 'Longitudinal – push and pull along the

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