📚 Year 10 CCEA Geography: Glossary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 10 CCEA 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key geographical terminology is the foundation for success in your CCEA Geography examination. This guide pairs high-frequency terms with clear definitions and memory prompts, helping you recall them quickly under exam pressure. Work through each section to build a strong mental map of physical and human geography vocabulary.
掌握核心地理术语是CCEA地理考试成功的基础。本指南将高频词汇与清晰的定义和记忆提示配对，帮助你在考试压力下快速回忆。逐一学习每个部分，构建起自然地理和人文地理词汇的强大心理地图。
1. Physical Landscapes: Rivers | 自然景观：河流
Drainage basin – the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries; a natural collecting system for precipitation.
流域 – 由河流及其支流排水的土地区域；一个天然的降水收集系统。
Hydraulic action – the direct force of moving water that breaks rock fragments off the river bed and banks, widening the channel.
水力作用 – 流动水的直接冲击力使岩石碎片从河床和河岸剥落，拓宽河道。
Abrasion (corrasion) – the scraping and grinding of the river bed and banks by rock fragments carried in the water.
磨蚀（冲蚀） – 水中携带的岩石碎片对河床和河岸的刮擦和磨削。
Attrition – the collision of pebbles and rocks with each other, causing them to break into smaller, smoother and rounder pieces downstream.
磨蚀（颗粒磨蚀） – 卵石和岩石相互碰撞，导致它们破碎成更小、更光滑、更圆的碎块，向下游移动。
Meander – a bend in a river formed by lateral erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank, gradually migrating over time.
曲流（河曲） – 河流的弯曲河段，由外岸侧向侵蚀和内岸沉积形成，随时间逐渐移动。
Oxbow lake – a crescent-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main channel due to continued erosion and deposition.
牛轭湖 – 当曲流因持续的侵蚀和沉积被从主河道截断后形成的月牙形湖泊。
Floodplain – the flat, fertile area beside a river that is covered by water during periods of flooding, built up by layers of alluvium.
洪泛平原 – 河流旁平坦肥沃的区域，在洪水期被水淹没，由冲积层堆积而成。
2. Physical Landscapes: Coasts | 自然景观：海岸
Fetch – the distance over which wind blows to generate waves; a longer fetch produces more powerful waves.
风区长度 – 风生成波浪所经过的距离；风区越长，产生的波浪越强。
Constructive waves – low-energy waves with a strong swash and weak backwash that deposit sediment and build beaches gently.
建设性波浪 – 低能量波浪，冲流强而回流弱，能够沉积物质并平缓地建造海滩。
Destructive waves – high-energy waves with a strong backwash that erode the coastline and transport material seaward.
破坏性波浪 – 高能量波浪，回流强，侵蚀海岸线并将物质向海搬运。
Longshore drift – the movement of sediment along a beach in a zigzag pattern caused by waves approaching the shore at an angle.
沿岸漂流 – 波浪以一定角度靠近岸边，使沉积物沿海滩呈“之”字形移动的过程。
Spit – a narrow ridge of sand or shingle stretching out from the coast into the sea, formed by longshore drift and often ending in a curved hook.
沙嘴 – 由沿岸漂流形成的沙或砾石狭窄脊，从海岸延伸入海，末端常呈弯曲的钩状。
Stack – an isolated pillar of rock standing in the sea, produced when an arch collapses and leaves a vertical stump separated from the headland.
海蚀柱 – 独立耸立于海中的岩柱，当海蚀拱塌陷后留下与岬角分离的竖直柱体。
Wave-cut platform – a gently sloping rocky surface exposed at low tide, created by the retreat of a cliff through undercutting and collapse.
波蚀台地 – 在低潮时出露的平缓岩石面，由崖壁底部被掏蚀、崖体后退和崩塌形成。
3. Weather & Climate | 天气与气候
Weather – the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, including temperature, precipitation, wind and cloud cover at a specific place and time.
天气 – 特定时间和地点的逐日大气状况，包括温度、降水、风和云量。
Climate – the long-term average weather conditions in a region, usually calculated over a 30-year period.
气候 – 一个地区长期的平均天气状况，通常以30年为计算周期。
Relief rainfall – rain caused when moist air is forced to rise over high ground, cooling and condensing on the windward side, creating a rain shadow on the leeward side.
地形雨 – 湿润空气被迫沿高地抬升时冷却凝结，在迎风坡降雨，背风坡形成雨影区。
Convectional rainfall – rain formed when the sun heats the ground, causing warm air to rise rapidly, cool and condense into towering cumulonimbus clouds.
对流雨 – 太阳加热地面，暖空气迅速上升、冷却并在高耸积雨云中凝结成雨。
Frontal rainfall – rain produced where a warm air mass meets a colder air mass; the warm air rises over the cold air along a front, leading to widespread condensation.
锋面雨 – 暖空气团与冷空气团相遇时，暖空气沿锋面抬升，形成大面积凝结降水。
Depression – a low-pressure weather system bringing cloud, rain and strong winds, typically forming when cold and warm air masses meet.
低压系统（气旋） – 一个低压天气系统，带来云、雨和强风，通常在冷暖空气团交汇时形成。
Anticyclone – a high-pressure system associated with clear skies, calm conditions and little precipitation, often producing fog in winter and heatwaves in summer.
高压系统（反气旋） – 高压系统伴随着晴朗天空、平静天气和少量降水，冬季常产生雾，夏季可引发热浪。
4. Ecosystems | 生态系统
Ecosystem – a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment, linked by flows of energy and nutrients.
生态系统 – 生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用，通过能量流和养分循环联结在一起。
Food chain – a simple linear diagram showing the transfer of energy from producers to primary, secondary and tertiary consumers.
食物链 – 显示能量从生产者传递到初级、次级和三级消费者的简单线性图示。
Nutrient cycle – the movement and recycling of nutrients between living organisms, the soil and the atmosphere, sustaining the ecosystem.
养分循环 – 营养物质在生物、土壤和大气之间运动和再循环，维持生态系统的运作。
Deforestation – the large-scale removal of forest cover, often for timber or agricultural land, leading to habitat loss, reduced biodiversity and carbon cycle disruption.
毁林 – 大规模砍伐森林覆盖，通常为了获取木材或农业用地，导致栖息地丧失、生物多样性降低和碳循环破坏。
Desertification – the process by which once-fertile land becomes increasingly arid and unproductive, often accelerated by overgrazing and poor land management.
荒漠化 – 原本肥沃的土地变得日益干旱、生产力下降的过程，常因过度放牧和土地管理不当而加剧。
Sustainability – meeting the needs of the present population without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, balancing environmental, social and economic factors.
可持续性 – 满足当代人的需求，而不损害子孙后代满足自身需求的能力，在环境、社会和经济因素间取得平衡。
5. Tectonic Hazards | 构造灾害
Constructive plate boundary – where two tectonic plates move apart, magma rises to fill the gap, creating new crust and forming features such as mid-ocean ridges and gentle volcanoes.
建设性板块边界 – 两个构造板块分离处，岩浆上升填充缝隙，生成新地壳并形成大洋中脊和平缓火山等特征。
Destructive plate boundary – where a denser oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate, generating powerful earthquakes, deep ocean trenches and explosive volcanic arcs.
破坏性板块边界 – 密度较大的大洋板块俯冲到大陆板块之下，产生强烈地震、深海沟和爆发性火山弧。
Focus and epicentre – the focus is the point underground where an earthquake originates; the epicentre is the location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus, usually experiencing the strongest shaking.
震源和震中 – 震源是地震发生的地下点；震中是震源正上方的地表位置，通常震感最强。
Richter vs Mercalli scales – the Richter scale measures earthquake magnitude (energy released) on a logarithmic scale, while the Mercalli scale describes the intensity of shaking and damage observed.
里氏震级与麦卡利烈度 – 里氏震级以对数尺度测量地震震级（释放的能量），麦卡利烈度则描述观测到的震动强度和破坏程度。
Shield volcano – a broad, gently sloping volcano built up by layers of runny basaltic lava, producing frequent but relatively mild eruptions.
盾状火山 – 由流动性强的玄武质熔岩层堆积而成、坡度平缓的宽大火山，喷发频繁但相对温和。
Composite volcano – a steep-sided, conical volcano made of alternating layers of ash and viscous lava, known for explosive and dangerous eruptions.
复合火山 – 由火山灰和黏稠熔岩交替层叠而成的陡峭锥形火山，以爆发性和危险性喷发著称。
6. Population | 人口
Birth rate – the number of live births per 1000 people per year in a given population.
出生率 – 给定人口中每年每1000人对应的活产婴儿数。
Death rate – the number of deaths per 1000 people per year, used to gauge changes in population size.
死亡率 – 每年每1000人中的死亡人数，用于衡量人口规模变化。
Natural increase – the difference between birth rate and death rate; a positive value means population growth, negative means decline, not including migration.
自然增长率 – 出生率与死亡率之差；正值表示人口增长，负值表示下降，不包括迁移因素。
Push-pull factors – push factors drive people away from an area (e.g. lack of jobs, conflict); pull factors attract people to a new location (e.g. better healthcare, education).
推拉因素 – 推因素驱使人们离开某地（如缺乏就业、冲突）；拉因素吸引人们前往新地点（如更好的医疗、教育）。
Population pyramid – a bar chart showing the age and gender structure of a population; wide base indicates high birth rate, narrowing top reflects an ageing population.
人口金字塔 – 显示人口年龄和性别结构的条形图；底部宽阔代表高出生率，顶部收缩反映人口老龄化。
Demographic Transition Model (DTM) – a model that describes how birth rates and death rates change as a country develops, moving through five stages from high fluctuating to low stationary and eventual decline.
人口转变模型 – 描述随着国家发展，出生率和死亡率变化的模型，经历从高位波动到低位稳定并最终下降的五个阶段。
7. Settlement | 聚落
Site and situation – site is the actual physical ground on which a settlement is built; situation refers to its location in relation to surrounding features such as rivers, roads or other towns.
选址与区位 – 选址是聚落实际建造的物理地块；区位指其相对于周围特征（如河流、道路或其他城镇）的位置。
Settlement hierarchy – a ranking of settlements by size and importance, from isolated dwellings and hamlets up to villages, towns and major cities, with increasing services at higher levels.
聚落等级 – 按规模和重要性对聚落的排序，从独立住宅和小村落到村庄、城镇和主要城市，等级越高服务功能越多。
Urbanisation – the increasing percentage of a country's population living in towns and cities, driven by rural-to-urban migration and natural population growth.
城市化 – 一个国家城镇人口所占比例增长的过程，由乡村向城市迁移和城市人口自然增长驱动。
Counter-urbanisation – the movement of people from urban areas back to the countryside or small towns, often for perceived better quality of life and space.
逆城市化 – 人口从城市地区迁回乡村或小城镇，通常为了追求更好的生活质量和更大空间。
Greenbelt – a designated area of open land around a city where development is strictly restricted to prevent urban sprawl and protect the countryside.
绿化带 – 城市周边被划定的开放土地，开发受到严格限制，以防止城市无序扩张并保护乡村。
Megacity – a city with a population exceeding 10 million people, often facing challenges in housing, transport and environmental management.
特大城市 – 人口超过1000万的城市，常在住房、交通和环境管理方面面临挑战。
8. Economic Development | 经济发展
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – the total value of all goods and services produced within a country in one year, used as a basic indicator of economic output.
国内生产总值 – 一个国家一年内生产的所有商品和服务的总价值，是经济产出的基本指标。
Human Development Index (HDI) – a composite index combining life expectancy, education level and income per capita to measure overall wellbeing and development.
人类发展指数 – 综合预期寿命、教育水平和人均收入的指数，用以衡量整体福祉和发展水平。
Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors – primary extracts raw materials (farming, mining); secondary manufactures goods; tertiary provides services; quaternary focuses on information, research and development.
第一、第二、第三和第四产业 – 第一产业开采原材料（农业、采矿）；第二产业制造商品；第三产业提供服务；第四产业集中于信息、研发。
Development gap – the widening difference in levels of wealth and quality of life between the richest and poorest countries or regions.
发展差距 – 最富裕与最贫穷国家或地区之间在财富和生活质量水平上日益扩大的差异。
Fairtrade – a certification scheme ensuring producers in developing countries receive a fair, stable price for their goods, plus a social premium for community projects.
公平贸易 – 一项认证制度，确保发展中国家的生产者为其商品获得公平、稳定的价格，以及用于社区项目的社会溢价。
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – 17 global goals adopted by the United Nations aiming to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure peace and prosperity by 2030.
可持续发展目标 – 联合国采纳的17个全球目标，旨在到2030年消除贫困、保护地球并确保和平与繁荣。
9. Globalisation & Trade | 全球化与贸易
Globalisation – the increasing interconnection of the world through flows of goods, money, information and people, shrinking relative distances between places.
全球化 – 通过商品、资金、信息和人员的流动，世界日益相互连接，缩小了地方间的相对距离。
Transnational Corporation (TNC) – a large company that operates in multiple countries, with headquarters in one nation and production or sales facilities in others, such as fast-food or sportswear brands.
跨国公司 – 在多个国家经营的大型公司，总部设在一国，生产或销售设施位于其他国家，如快餐或运动品牌。
Tariff – a tax imposed on imported goods, used to protect domestic industries or raise government revenue, and often a barrier to free trade.
关税 – 对进口商品征收的税，用于保护国内产业或增加政府收入，常成为自由贸易的壁垒。
Trade bloc – a group of countries that agree to reduce or eliminate trade barriers among themselves, such as the European Union, promoting economic cooperation.
贸易集团 – 一组同意彼此间减少或消除贸易壁垒的国家，如欧盟，以促进经济合作。
Outsourcing – the practice of hiring external firms, often in low-wage economies, to perform services or produce goods originally done in-house, driving global production networks.
外包 – 雇用外部公司（通常在低工资经济体）来执行原由内部完成的服务或生产，推动全球生产网络。
10. Map Skills & Fieldwork | 地图技能与实地考察
4-figure grid reference – identifies a 1 km by 1 km square on an Ordnance Survey map using two sets of coordinates: the bottom left corner's eastings and northings.
四位网格参考 – 使用两组坐标（左下角的东距和北距）在军械测量地图上标识1km×1km的方格。
6-figure grid reference – pinpoints a location within a 100 m by 100 m square by splitting the grid square into ten imaginary lines along each axis.
六位网格参考 – 通过将网格方格沿每个轴划分为十条假想线，在100m×100m的方格内精确定位。
Contour lines – thin orange or brown lines on a map joining points of equal height above sea level; the closer the lines, the steeper the gradient.
等高线 – 地图上连接海平面上相等高度点的橙色或棕色细线；线越密集，坡度越陡。
Scale – represents the relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground, expressed as a ratio (e.g. 1:50 000) or linear bar.
比例尺 – 表示图上距离与实际地面距离的关系，以比例（如1:50 000）或直线比例条表示。
Cross section – a side view of the landscape along a line drawn between two points, constructed using contour lines to show changes in relief.
剖面图 – 沿两点间绘制的景观侧视图，利用等高线展现地形起伏变化。
Primary data – information collected first-hand by the researcher for a specific purpose, such as measurements, questionnaires or field sketches.
一手数据（原始数据） – 研究者为特定目的亲自收集的信息，如测量、问卷调查或实地素描。
Secondary data – information gathered from existing sources, such as census statistics, textbooks, websites or previous research, used to complement primary findings.
二手数据（二手资料） – 从现有来源收集的信息，如人口普查统计、教科书、网站或以往研究，用于补充一手发现。
Hypothesis – a testable statement or prediction about a geographical issue, which guides fieldwork investigation and is either accepted or rejected after data collection.
假说 – 关于地理问题的可验证陈述或预测，
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图