📚 Year 10 CCEA Geography: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 CCEA 地理：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook summarises all the essential formulas, theorems and models required for Year 10 CCEA Geography. It covers map skills, population, rivers, weather, statistics and fieldwork, enabling you to solve numerical problems confidently in your exam.
本速查手册总结了 Year 10 CCEA 地理所需的所有重要公式、定理和模型。内容涵盖地图技能、人口、河流、天气、统计和野外考察，帮助你在考试中自信地解决定量问题。
1. Map Skills: Scale, Distance, Area and Grid References | 地图技能：比例尺、距离、面积与网格参考
The relationship between map distance and actual ground distance is given by the scale formula. This is fundamental for all measurements on Ordnance Survey maps and other topographic maps.
地图距离与实际地面距离之间的关系由比例尺公式给出。这是所有 Ordnance Survey 地图和其他地形图测量工作的基础。
Scale = Map Distance ÷ Ground Distance
For a 1:50,000 map, 1 cm on the map represents 50,000 cm (500 m) on the ground. To find the real distance, multiply the measured map length in centimetres by the scale denominator and convert to kilometres.
对于 1:50,000 的地图，图上 1 厘米代表实地 50,000 厘米（500 米）。要计算实际距离，将测得的图上长度（厘米）乘以比例尺分母，然后换算为千米。
To estimate the area of an irregular feature such as a lake or forest on a map, use the grid-square method. Count the number of squares the feature covers and multiply by the ground area represented by one square.
要估算地图上不规则地物（如湖泊或森林）的面积，可使用方格法。数出该地物占据的方格数，再乘以一个方格所代表的实地面积。
Ground Area = Number of squares × Area per square
tance, use the edge of a piece of paper to trace a curved route and measure against the scale bar or ruler.
在 1:50,000 地图上，一个 1 cm × 1 cm 的网格方格代表 500 m × 500 m = 250,000 m² = 0.25 km² 的面积。对于线性距离，可用纸条边缘顺着弯曲路线描出，然后与比例尺或直尺比对测量。
2. Slope Gradient and Vertical Exaggeration | 坡度与垂直夸大
Gradient is a measure of the steepness of a slope and is essential when interpreting contours, constructing cross-sections and assessing terrain for human activities.
坡度是衡量斜坡陡峭程度的指标，在判读等高线、绘制横截面以及评估人类活动的地形条件时至关重要。
Gradient = Vertical Interval (VI) ÷ Horizontal Equivalent (HE)
l interval between two points is 100 m and the horizontal distance is 500 m, the gradient is 1 : 5.
结果常表示为 1 : x 的比率，其中 x = 水平距离 ÷ 垂直落差。如果两点间垂直落差为 100 m，水平距离为 500 m，则坡度为 1 : 5。
When drawing a cross-section to emphasise relief, the vertical scale is exaggerated relative to the horizontal scale. The degree of exaggeration is calculated as follows.
在绘制强调起伏的横截面时，垂直比例尺会相对于水平比例尺夸大。夸大倍数按以下
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