📚 Year 11 AQA Engineering: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 11 AQA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key engineering vocabulary is essential for success in the Year 11 AQA Engineering exam. This guide pairs each term with a clear definition and a memory aid, covering materials, mechanics, electronics, systems, manufacturing, and sustainability. Use these bilingual flashcard-style explanations to build confidence and speed in recall.
掌握关键工程词汇是 AQA 工程 Year 11 考试成功的基础。本指南为每个术语配上清晰的定义和速记提示，涵盖材料、力学、电子、系统、制造和可持续性。通过这些双语闪卡式的解释，帮助你建立信心，快速回忆。
1. Material Properties | 材料特性
Strength: the ability of a material to withstand an applied force without breaking or permanently deforming.
强度：材料承受外力而不破裂或永久变形的能力。记忆联想：'strong as steel'。
Hardness: resistance of a material to indentation, scratching or surface wear.
硬度：材料抵抗压痕、划痕或表面磨损的能力。可记为'hard to scratch'。
Toughness: the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform before fracture – it combines strength and ductility.
韧性：材料在断裂前吸收能量并发生塑性变形的能力，结合了强度和延展性。记忆：'tough to break'。
Ductility: the capacity of a material to be stretched into a wire without breaking.
延展性：材料能被拉伸成丝而不破裂的能力。口诀：'ductile = draw into wire'。
Malleability: the ability of a material to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking.
展性：材料能被锤打或轧制成薄片而不开裂的能力。记忆：'malleable = mallet hits into sheet'。
Elasticity: the property of a material to return to its original shape after the load is removed, as long as the elastic limit is not exceeded.
弹性：材料在卸除载荷后恢复原始形状的特性，只要未超过弹性极限。联想弹簧：'elastic snap-back'。
2. Engineering Materials | 工程材料
Ferrous metal: a metal containing iron as the main element, such as low-carbon steel or cast iron. Most are magnetic and prone to rust.
黑色金属：以铁为主要元素的金属，如低碳钢和铸铁。大多有磁性且易生锈。记法：'ferrous = Fe = iron'。
Non-ferrous metal: a metal that does not contain iron, e.g. aluminium, copper, zinc. Usually corrosion-resistant and non-magnetic.
非铁金属：不含铁的金属，如铝、铜、锌。通常耐腐蚀且非磁性。联想：'non-ferrous = no iron = no rust'。
Alloy: a mixture of a metal with other elements to improve properties, e.g. stainless steel (iron + chromium) or brass (copper + zinc).
合金：金属与其他元素混合以改善性能的材料，例如不锈钢（铁+铬）和黄铜（铜+锌）。速记：'alloy = metal cocktail'。
Polymer: a long-chain molecule material that can be thermoplastic (re-mouldable) or thermosetting (permanently set). Examples: acrylic, epoxy resin.
聚合物：长链分子材料，分为热塑性（可重塑）和热固性（永久定型）。实例：亚克力、环氧树脂。记忆：'poly = many, mer = units'。
Composite: a material made from two or more distinct materials combined to achieve properties neither has alone, e.g. glass-reinforced plastic (GRP).
复合材料：由两种或更多不同材料组合而成的材料，以获得单一组分不具备的性能，如玻璃钢。联想：'composite = combo-material'。
Ceramic: a hard, brittle, heat-resistant material formed by heating non-metallic minerals, e.g. clay pottery, alumina insulators.
陶瓷：通过加热非金属矿物制成的硬、脆、耐热材料，如陶器和氧化铝绝缘体。关键词：'ceramic = baked earth'。
3. Forces & Stress | 力与应力
Tension: a pulling force that tries to stretch a material; the part is said to be in tensile stress.
拉力：试图拉伸材料的拉伸力；部件承受拉伸应力。记：'tension = pulling apart'。
Compression: a pushing force that tries to squash or shorten a material, creating compressive stress.
压力：试图压扁或缩短材料的推力，产生压缩应力。联想：'compress = press together'。
Shear: a force that acts parallel to a surface, causing layers to slide over each other, like scissors cutting.
剪切力：平行于表面作用的力，导致层间滑动，如同剪刀剪切。速记：'shear = slide layers'。
Torsion: a twisting force that produces rotation; a shaft delivering power is often under torsional stress.
扭转力：产生旋转的扭转力；传递动力的轴常承受扭转应力。记忆：'torsion = twist'。
Stress: the internal resistance of a material to an applied force, calculated as force divided by cross-sectional area. σ = F ÷ A
应力：材料对外力的内部阻力，计算公式为力除以横截面积。σ = F ÷ A。单位：N/m² 或 Pa。
s, measured as change in length divided by original length (ε = ΔL / L₀). It has no units.
应变：由应力引起的变形，以长度变化量除以原长衡量（ε = ΔL / L₀），无量纲。联想：'strain = stretch ratio'。
Young's modulus: a measure of stiffness, the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region. E = σ ÷ ε
杨氏模量：刚度的度量，弹性阶段应力与应变之比。E = σ ÷ ε。记法：'E for elasticity'。
4. Mechanical Systems & Mechanisms | 机械系统与机构
Lever: a rigid bar that pivots around a fulcrum to multiply force or distance. Three classes depend on the position of effort, load and fulcrum.
杠杆：绕支点转动的刚性杆，用以放大力量或距离。按力、负载和支点位置分为三类。口诀：'FLE' (Fulcrum-Load-Effort for first class)。
Linkage: an assembly of rods, pivots and sliders used to transmit motion and force, often converting rotary to linear motion.
连杆机构：由杆、转轴和滑块组成的组件，用于传递运动和力，常将旋转运动转化为直线运动。记忆：'linkage links motion'。
Pivot (fulcrum): the fixed point around which a lever or linkage rotates.
支点（转动中心）：杠杆或连杆机构围绕其旋转的固定点。联想：'pivot = turning point'。
tage (MA): the factor by which a mechanism multiplies the input force; MA = Load ÷ Effort.
机械效益（MA）：机构将输入力放大的倍数；MA = 负载力 ÷ 施力。理想 MA > 1 意味着省力。
Velocity Ratio (VR): the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load in a mechanism.
速度比（VR）：机构中施力移动距离与负载移动距离之比。VR = effort distance / load distance。无单位。
Efficiency: the proportion of input work that is usefully transferred to the output, usually expressed as a percentage.
效率：输入功中有用输出功的比例，通常以百分比表示。Efficiency = (Useful output work ÷ Total input work) × 100%
5. Gears & Drive Systems | 齿轮与传动系统
Spur gear: a cylindrical gear with straight teeth parallel to the axis, used to transmit rotary motion between parallel shafts.
正齿轮：齿平行于轴的圆柱齿轮，用于在平行轴间传递旋转运动。简单记：'straight teeth spur gear'。
Idler gear: a gear placed between the driver and driven gears to reverse direction without affecting the overall gear ratio.
惰轮：装在驱动轮和从动轮之间的齿轮，用于反转方向而不改变总传动比。记忆：'idler sits in between, just turns direction'。
Gear ratio: the ratio of the number of teeth on the driven gear to the number of teeth on the driver gear, which determines speed and torque change.
传动比：从动轮齿数与主动轮齿数之比，决定转速和扭矩的变化。Gear Ratio = Teeth (driven) ÷ Teeth (driver)
Belt drive: a system using a flexible belt running over pulleys to transmit power between shafts, providing smooth and quiet operation.
带传动：用柔性带绕过带轮传递动力的系统，运转平稳安静。联想：'belt = smooth, no slip with tension'。
Chain drive: uses a roller chain and sprockets to transmit positive, non-slip drive, common on bicycles.
链传动：使用滚子链和链轮传递确动、无滑移的驱动，常用于自行车。记：'chain = positive grip'。
Pulley: a wheel with a grooved rim for holding a belt or rope, often used to change direction of a force or obtain mechanical advantage.
滑轮：带槽缘的轮子，用以容纳皮带或绳索，常用于改变力的方向或获得机械效益。记忆：'pulley pulls'。
6. Basic Electronics – Components | 基础电子 – 元件
Resistor: a component that limits current flow and divides voltage; value measured in ohms (Ω). Fixed or variable.
电阻：限制电流并分压的元件，阻值单位为欧姆（Ω）。有固定电阻和可变电阻。速记：'resistor resists current'。
Capacitor: stores electrical charge temporarily; capacitance measured in farads (F). Used for smoothing and timing circuits.
电容器：暂时储存电荷的元件，电容量单位法拉（F）。用于滤波和定时电路。记忆：'cap stores charge like a cup'。
Diode: allows current to flow in one direction only; forward bias conducts, reverse bias blocks.
二极管：只允许电流单向导通的元件；正向偏置导通，反向偏置截止。联想箭头：'diode = one-way street'。
LED (Light Emitting Diode): a diode that emits light when current flows through it; needs a series resistor to limit current.
发光二极管：通电流时发光的二极管，需串联限流电阻。速记：'LED = light + diode'。
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor): its resistance falls as light intensity increases; used in light-sensing circuits.
光敏电阻（LDR）：其电阻值随光照强度增加而减小，用于感光电路。记忆：'LDR - dark = high R, light = low R'。
Thermistor: a temperature-dependent resistor; NTC type resistance decreases as temperature rises. Used in temperature sensors.
热敏电阻：阻值随温度变化的电阻；NTC型温度升高阻值降低，用于温度传感器。联想：'thermistor = thermal resistor'。
Transistor: a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals; three terminals: base, collector, emitter.
晶体管：用于放大或开关电子信号的半导体器件，有三极：基极、集电极、发射极。记：'transistor = transfer + resistor'。
7. Electrical Quantities & Ohm's Law | 电量与欧姆定律
Current (I): the rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Conventional current flows from positive to negative.
电流（I）：电荷流动的速率，单位安培（A）。传统电流方向为正到负。记忆：'I = flow of charge'。
Voltage (V): the electrical pressure or potential difference that drives current through a circuit, measured in volts.
电压（V）：驱动电流流过电路的电势差，单位为伏特。联想：'voltage = push'。
Resistance (R): opposition to current flow, measured in ohms. Affected by material, length, cross-sectional area and temperature.
电阻（R）：对电流的阻力，单位为欧姆。受材料、长度、横截面积和温度影响。记法：'R resists I'。
Ohm's Law: states that the current through a resistor is directly proportional to the voltage, provided temperature is constant.
V = I × R
欧姆定律：在温度不变时，通过电阻的电流与电压成正比。V = I × R，其中 V 电压，I 电流，R 电阻。
Power (P): the rate of energy transfer, measured in watts (W). P = V × I or P = I² × R.
功率（P）：能量传递的速率，单位为瓦特（W）。公式：P = V × I = I² × R。记忆：'power = voltage × current'。
Series circuit: components connected end to end so there is only one current path. Current is same everywhere, voltages add up.
串联电路：元件首尾相连，电流路径唯一。电流处处相等，总电压等于各分压之和。口诀：'series - same current'。
Parallel circuit: components connected across common points, providing multiple paths for current. Voltage is same across each branch, currents add up.
并联电路：元件跨接在公共点之间，提供多条电流路径。各支路电压相同，总电流等于各支路电流之和。速记：'parallel - same voltage'。
8. Digital Electronics & Logic | 数字电子与逻辑
Logic gate: an electronic circuit with one or more inputs that produces an output based on Boolean logic. Used in digital systems.
逻辑门：具有一个或多个输入的电子电路，根据布尔逻辑产生输出，用于数字系统。
output is HIGH (1) only when all inputs are HIGH. Truth table: 0+0=0, 0+1=0, 1+0=0, 1+1=1.
与门：仅当所有输入均为高电平（1）时，输出才为高电平。真值表：全1得1。记忆：'AND needs both'。
te: output is HIGH if at least one input is HIGH. Truth table: 0+0=0, 0+1=1, 1+0=1, 1+1=1.
或门：只要至少一个输入为高电平，输出即为高电平。记忆：'OR = any one'。
e (inverter): single input gate that outputs the opposite logic level. Output = NOT input.
非门（反相器）：单输入逻辑门，输出与输入电平相反。输出 = 非输入。记：'NOT flips'。
NAND gate: AND followed by a NOT; output is LOW only when all inputs are HIGH. Often called the universal gate.
与非门：与门后接非门；仅当所有输入均为高电平时输出才为低电平。称为万能门。记忆：'NOT AND = NAND'。
NOR gate: OR followed by a NOT; output is HIGH only when all inputs are LOW.
或非门：或门后接非门；仅当所有输入均为低电平时输出才为高电平。记：'NOT OR = NOR'。
Truth table: a table showing every possible combination of inputs and the resulting output for a logic gate or circuit.
真值表：列出逻辑门或电路所有可能输入组合及其对应输出的表格。速记：'truth table lists all cases'。
9. Systems & Control Theory | 系统与控制理论
Input: the signal or physical quantity entering a system, often from a sensor (e.g. light, temperature, pressure).
输入：进入系统的信号或物理量，通常来自传感器（如光照、温度、压力）。记：'input = what goes in'。
Process: the part of a system that acts on the input signal to produce a desired output, e.g. a microcontroller comparing and deciding.
处理：系统中对输入信号进行处理以产生期望输出的部分，例如微控制器比较和决策。联想：'process = brain of system'。
Output: the result or action produced by the system, such as turning on a motor or displaying a value.
输出：系统产生的动作或结果，如启动马达或显示数值。记忆：'output = what comes out'。
Open-loop system: a control system with no feedback; the output is solely determined by the input, without error correction.
开环系统：无反馈的控制系统；输出仅由输入决定，无误差校正。例：电动牙刷只有一个开关。记：'no feedback loop'。
Closed-loop system: uses feedback to compare the actual output with the desired value and automatically adjusts to minimise error.
闭环系统：利用反馈将实际输出与期望值比较，并自动调整以减小误差。如恒温加热系统。联想：'closed loop = self-correcting'。
Sensor: a device that detects a physical change and converts it into an electrical signal, e.g. thermistor, LDR, tilt switch.
传感器：检测物理变化并将其转换为电信号的装置，如热敏电阻、光敏电阻、倾斜开关。记：'sensor senses'。
Actuator: the output device that converts an electrical signal into physical action, e.g. motor, buzzer, solenoid.
执行器：将电信号转换为物理动作的输出装置，如马达、蜂鸣器、电磁铁。速记：'actuator acts'。
Feedback: the portion of the output signal that is fed back to the input for comparison in a closed-loop system.
反馈：输出信号的一部分被送回输入端进行比较，用于闭环系统。记忆：'feedback = loop back'。
10. Manufacturing Processes – Shaping | 制造工艺 – 成型
Casting: pouring molten metal or plastic into a mould and allowing it to solidify; used for complex shapes, e.g. sand casting, die casting.
铸造：将熔融金属或塑料浇入模具中冷却凝固，用于复杂形状。如砂型铸造、压铸。记忆：'cast in a mould'。
Forging: shaping metal by compressive forces, often while hot, to improve strength and grain structure, e.g. hammering or pressing.
锻造：通过压力（常加热）使金属成形，改善强度和晶粒结构，如锤击或压制。联想：'forge = force shape'。
Rolling: passing metal between rollers to reduce thickness and produce sheets, plates or structural sections.
轧制：金属通过轧辊之间以减小厚度，产出薄板、板材或型材。关键词：'roll flat'。
Extrusion: forcing a material through a shaped die to create long objects with a uniform cross-section, like aluminium window frames.
挤压：将材料推过一个成形模具，制造具有恒定截面的长条制品，如铝窗框。记：'extrude = squeeze through die'。
Machining (turning & milling): removing material using cutting tools. Turning rotates the workpiece; milling uses a rotating cutter moving across the work.
机加工（车削与铣削）：用切削工具移除材料。车削旋转工件；铣削使用旋转刀具在工件上移动。区分：'turn = workpiece spins; mill = tool spins'。
3D printing (additive manufacturing): building a part layer by layer from a digital model, typically using plastic filament or resin.
3D 打印（增材制造）：从数字模型逐层构建零件，常用塑料丝或树脂。记忆：'add layers, not remove'。
11. CAD/CAM & Quality | CAD/CAM 与质量
CAD (Computer-Aided Design): using software to create precise 2D or 3D models and engineering drawings; enables easy modification and analysis.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）：使用软件创建精确的二维或三维模型和工程图纸；便于修改和分析。联想：'CAD = draw digitally'。
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing): using computers to control machine tools and manufacturing processes based on CAD data.
CAM（计算机辅助制造）：使用计算机根据CAD数据控制机床和制造过程。记：'CAM = computer runs machine'。
CNC (Computer Numerical Control): a machine controlled by
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