📚 Year 10 CCEA Economics: Core Concepts Review | Year 10 CCEA 经济：核心知识点梳理
Economics is the social science that examines how people, businesses and governments make choices under conditions of scarcity. The CCEA Year 10 Economics syllabus introduces the essential principles that explain everyday decisions and the working of the whole economy. This review gathers those core concepts in one place, with clear definitions, examples and links between topics to help you revise efficiently.
经济学是研究人们、企业和政府如何在稀缺条件下做出选择的社会科学。CCEA 十年级经济学课程介绍了阐释日常决策及整体经济运行的基本原理。这篇复习将这些核心概念汇集一处，提供清晰的定义、例子和主题联系，帮助你高效备考。
1. The Nature of Economics: Scarcity and Choice | 经济学的本质：稀缺性与选择
The root of all economic problems is scarcity: resources such as time, money and raw materials are finite, while human wants are limitless. Because we cannot satisfy every desire, individuals and societies are forced to make choices.
所有经济问题的根源在于稀缺性：时间、金钱和原材料等资源是有限的，而人类欲望是无限的。正因无法满足每一个愿望，个人和社会被迫做出选择。
Scarcity compels us to answer three fundamental questions: What goods and services should be produced? How should they be produced? Who will receive them? These questions lie at the heart of every economic system.
稀缺性促使我们回答三个基本问题：应该生产什么商品和服务？应该如何生产？谁将获得它们？这些问题处于每个经济体系的核心。
Economics therefore studies the allocation of scarce resources. It separates needs (essentials such as food and shelter) from wants (luxuries that improve quality of life). Because resources are scarce, using more of them for one purpose means having less for others — a trade-off is unavoidable.
因此，经济学研究稀缺资源的分配。它将需要（必需品，如食物和住所）与欲望（提高生活品质的奢侈品）区分开来。由于资源稀缺，将更多资源用于某一目的就意味着用于其他目的的资源减少——权衡不可避免。
Every choice involves an opportunity cost: the value of the next best alternative given up when a decision is made. Understanding opportunity cost is essential for rational decision-making at personal, business and government levels.
每一个选择都涉及机会成本：做出决定时所放弃的次优选项的价值。理解机会成本对于个人
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