📚 Year 11 AQA Politics: Key Vocabulary Quick Memory Guide | AQA政治词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your fast-track glossary for Year 11 AQA Politics. Mastering political terminology is essential for exam success, and this guide pairs key definitions with memory tricks to help you recall them quickly. Each term is explained first in English, then in Chinese, so you can build both your understanding and your bilingual revision skills.
欢迎使用 Year 11 AQA 政治术语速记指南。掌握政治词汇是考试成功的关键，本指南将关键定义与记忆技巧配对，帮助你快读速记。每个术语先给出英文解释，再配以中文说明，帮助你巩固理解并提升双语复习能力。
1. Democracy and Participation | 民主与参与
Democracy – tizens hold political power, either directly or through elected representatives. Remember: 'demo' = people, 'cracy' = rule.
民主——公民直接或通过选举代表掌握政治权力的制度。记忆：“demo”指人民，“cracy”指统治。
Direct democracy – Citizens vote on every issue themselves, as in ancient Athens or modern referendums. Think 'direct = no middleman'.
直接民主——公民就每项议题亲自投票，如古代雅典或现代公投。联想：“直接 = 没有中间人”。
Representative democracy – he people elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, as in the UK. Shortcut: 'elect = pick someone to speak for you'.
代议制民主——人民选出代表替自己做决定，如英国。捷径：“选举 = 选个人替你说话”。
Participation – Ways citizens get involved: voting, joining parties, protesting, or signing petitions. Trigger word: 'part' – you take part.
政治参与——公民的参与方式：投票、加入政党、抗议或签署请愿书。触发词：“参与”就是你成为一部分。
Referendum – A direct vote on a single issue (e.g. Brexit). The 'refer' part means the question is 'referred' to the people.
公投——就单一议题（如脱欧）进行的直接投票。“Refer”表示问题被“提交”给人民决定。
2. Government and Parliament | 政府与议会
Parliament – The supreme law-making body in the UK, made up of the Monarch, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Remember the three parts with 'MCL' – Monarch, Commons, Lords.
议会——英国最高立法机构，由君主、下议院和上议院组成。用“MCL”记住三部分：君主、下院、上院。
House of Commons – Elected chamber where MPs debate and pass laws. Think 'common people' = elected.
下议院——民选议员辩论并通过法律的议院。联想：“common people”即普通民众，所以是选举产生。
House of Lords – Unelected chamber that reviews legislation. Its members are called peers. Trick: 'Lords = not elected, just reviewed'.
上议院——非民选议院，负责审查立法。其成员称贵族。记忆：“Lords 非选举，仅审查”。
Prime Minister – ad of the UK government, usually the leader of the largest party in the Commons. Mnemonic: 'PM = party leader in power'.
首相——英国政府首脑，通常是下议院最大政党领袖。助记：“PM 即掌权的政党领袖”。
Cabinet – Senior ministers chosen by the PM to run government departments. Think of a 'kitchen cabinet' of trusted advisors.
内阁——首相选出的高级大臣，负责管理政府各部门。联想“厨房内阁”——一群信赖的顾问。
3. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
First Past the Post (FPTP) – The candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins, even if not a majority. Memory: 'horse race – first past the post wins'.
领先者当选制（FPTP）——选区内得票最多的候选人获胜，即使未过半数。记忆：“赛马——第一个冲过立柱者胜”。
Proportional Representation (PR) – Seats match vote share; if a party gets 30% of votes, it wins roughly 30% of seats. Phrase: 'share fair'.
比例代表制（PR）——议席与得票率相匹配；若某党获30%选票，即约得30%议席。口诀：“按票分席，公平公正”。
Constituency – A geographic area that elects one MP. Link: 'constituency = community electing one representative'.
选区——选举一名议员的地理区域。关联：“选区 = 选出一名代表的社区”。
General election – ts in the House of Commons are up for election, usually every five years. Timestamp trick: 'general = whole House – every five years'.
大选——下议院所有议席重新选举，通常每五年一次。时间提示：“大选 = 全议院——每五年”。
By-election – An election in a single constituency to fill a vacant seat. 'By' as in 'by the way' – an extra election.
补选——在单一选区为填补空缺议席而举行的选举。助记：“补”即补充一次选举。
4. Political Parties | 政党
Political party – nised group seeking to gain power by winning elections and implementing policies. Keyword: 'party = team aiming to govern'.
政党——通过赢得选举实施政策以获取权力的有组织团体。关键词：“政党 = 志在执政的团队”。
Conservative Party – A right-of-centre party traditionally favouring free markets, lower taxes and traditional values. Mnemonic: 'conserve tradition'.
保守党——中右翼政党，传统上支持自由市场、低税收和传统价值观。助记：“保守 = 保持传统”。
Labour Party – A left-of-centre party founded by trade unions, championing workers' rights and public services. Link: 'labour = workers'.
工党——由工会创立的中间偏左政党，倡导工人权利和公共服务。联想：“labour = 劳动”。
Left-wing – Favouring equality, more state intervention and progressive reform. Picture the left side of the political spectrum pushing for change.
左翼——主张平等，更多国家干预和进步性改革。想象政治光谱左侧推动变革。
Right-wing – Emphasising individual freedom, free markets and tradition. Visualise the right side upholding order and established customs.
右翼——强调个人自由、自由市场和传统。想象光谱右侧维护秩序与既有风俗。
5. Pressure Groups and Lobbying | 压力集团与游说
Pressure group – A non-party organisation that campaigns on specific issues, aiming to influence government without seeking election. Key distinction: 'pressure, not party'.
压力集团——不追求执政，而是就特定议题开展活动以影响政府的组织。关键区分：“施压，而不是组党”。
Insider group – A pressure group with close access to government, often consulted directly. Think 'inside the room'.
内部集团——与政府关系密切、常有直接咨询机会的压力集团。想象“在房间里”。
Outsider group – A pressure group that lacks government connections and uses public campaigns or protests. 'Outside the system'.
外部集团——缺乏政府联系，借助公共宣传或抗议的压力集团。“在体制外”。
Lobbying – The act of trying to persuade MPs, ministers or officials on behalf of a cause. Origin: 'lobby' – where people waited to speak to lawmakers.
游说——为代表某项事业而试图说服议员、大臣或官员的行为。词源：“lobby”原指人们等待与立法者交谈的走廊。
Public opinion – The collective views of citizens on political matters. Polls try to measure it. Mnemonic: 'pulse of the public'.
舆论——公民对政治事务的集体意见。民调试图量化它。助记：“公众脉搏”。
6. The Constitution and Rights | 宪法与权利
Constitution – The set of rules and principles that govern a state. In the UK it is uncodified. Quick think: 'rule book of a country'.
宪法——治理国家的一套规则和原则。英国的宪法是不成文的。快想：“国家的规则手册”。
Uncodified constitution – Not written in a single document; drawn from statute law, common law, conventions and works of authority. Memory: 'a puzzle with many pieces'.
不成文宪法——并非写在单一文件中，散见于成文法、普通法、惯例和权威著作。记忆：“多片拼图”。
Rule of law – Everyone, including the government, is subject to the law. Catchphrase: 'no one is above the law'.
法治——所有人包括政府都受法律约束。口号：“无人凌驾于法律之上”。
Human Rights – Basic rights and freedoms belonging to every person, often protected by the Human Rights Act 1998. Symbol: 'shield for dignity'.
人权——每个人拥有的基本权利与自由，常受1998年《人权法》保护。象征：“尊严的盾牌”。
Equality Act 2010 – UK law that protects people from discrimination based on nine protected characteristics. Remember '9 shields': age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage & civil partnership, pregnancy & maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation.
2010年《平等法》——英国法律，基于九项受保护特征禁止歧视。记住“九盾”：年龄、残障、性别重置、婚姻及民事伴侣、怀孕及生育、种族、宗教或信仰、性别、性取向。
7. Devolution and Local Government | 权力下放与地方政府
Devolution – ers from central government to regional bodies, such as the Scottish Parliament. Key word: 'devolve = hand down'.
权力下放——中央政府向地区机构（如苏格兰议会）移交权力。关键词：“devolve = 下放”。
Scottish Parliament – Devolved legislature with powers over education, health and justice. Stamp: 'Holyrood' (its location).
苏格兰议会——拥有教育、卫生和司法等权力的权力下放立法机构。印象词：“荷里路德”（所在处）。
Senedd Cymru (Welsh Parliament) – The devolved assembly for Wales, with law-making powers in areas like transport and the environment. Note: 'Senedd' means parliament in Welsh.
威尔士议会（Senedd Cymru）——威尔士的权力下放议会，在交通、环境等领域拥有立法权。注：“Senedd”在威尔士语中意为议会。
Local councils – responsible for local services such as rubbish collection, libraries and planning. Phrase: 'council = local matters'.
地方政府（地方议会）——负责本地服务（如垃圾收集、图书馆、规划）的民选机构。表述：“议会管地方事”。
Councillor – A locally elected representative serving on a council. Rhyme trick: 'councillor, a local chancellor of bins and bins!'.
地方议员——由地方民众选出、在议会任职的代表。押韵助记：“councillor 是地方的管家”。
8. The Justice System | 司法系统
Judiciary – e branch of government that interprets and applies the law; judges collectively. Snapshot: 'judges = judiciary'.
司法机构——解释和适用法律的政府部门，即法官群体。速记：“judges = judiciary”。
Supreme Court – The highest court in the UK, deciding the most important legal cases. Elevator pitch: 'final word on law'.
最高法院——英国最高级别法院，裁决最重要的法律案件。一句话概括：“法律的最终话语”。
Criminal law – inst the state, such as theft or assault. Guilty verdict leads to punishment. Distinction: 'criminal = crime against society'.
刑法——处理针对国家的罪行，如盗窃、袭击。有罪判决导致惩罚。区分：“刑事 = 危害社会的犯罪”。
Civil law – olves disputes between individuals or organisations, often leading to compensation. Trick: 'civil = citizens' conflicts'.
民法——解决个人或组织间纠纷的法律，常导致赔偿。窍门：“civil = 公民间的冲突”。
Tribunal – isputes in specific areas (e.g. employment, immigration). Less formal than a court. Image: 'tribunal = specialist courtroom'.
专门法庭——审理特定领域争议（如就业、移民）的专业机构，不如法院正式。图景：“专门法庭 = 专业审判室”。
9. Media and Public Opinion | 媒体与舆论
Mass media – t reach large audiences, including TV, radio, newspapers and social media. Memory trigger: 'mass = massive audience'.
大众媒体——触及广大受众的平台，包括电视、广播、报纸和社交媒体。触发词：“大众 = 大量受众”。
Free press – A media free from government censorship, able to report and criticise openly. Watchword: 'freedom to print'.
新闻自由——不受政府审查、能公开报道和批评的媒体。口号：“出版自由”。
Bias – Presenting information with a particular slant, often favouring one side. Detect it by asking: 'Whose voice is loudest?'
偏见——带着特定倾向呈现信息，常偏袒一方。检查方法：问“谁的声音最大？”
Opinion poll – vey of public opinion, usually by asking a sample of people how they would vote. Shortcut: 'poll = pulse check'.
民意调查——通过抽样询问人们投票意向来测量舆论的调查。捷径：“poll = 把脉”。
Democracy and the media – In a healthy democracy, the media holds power to account and informs voters. Two-word essence: 'media watchdog'.
民主与媒体——在健康民主中，媒体制约权力并告知选民。双词精髓：“媒体监督”。
10. Key Concepts in Politics | 政治关键概念
Sovereignty – Supreme political authority; in the UK, legal sovereignty lies with Parliament. Formula: 'Parliament = supreme law-maker'.
主权——最高政治权力；在英国，法律主权归于议会。公式：“议会 = 最高立法者”。
Accountability – The duty of those in power to explain their actions and face consequences. Slogan: 'answerable to the people'.
问责制——掌权者有义务解释其行为并承担后果。口号：“对人民负责”。
Legitimacy – The rightful acceptance of authority, often gained through free and fair elections. Keyword: 'right to rule'.
合法性——权威被正当接受，常通过自由公正选举获得。关键词：“统治权之正当”。
Representation – Acting on behalf of others, as MPs do for constituents. Quick link: 're-present the views of others'.
代表——代表他人行事，如议员之于选民。快联：“重新呈现他人观点”。
Power – The ability to make others do something or to influence outcomes. Three faces: making decisions, setting the agenda, and shaping preferences.
权力——使他人做某事或影响结果的能力。三重面孔：决策、设定议程和塑造偏好。
Published by TutorHao | AQA Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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