📚 Year 10 CCEA Chemistry: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | CCEA Year 10 化学核心术语速记指南
Mastering subject-specific vocabulary is one of the most effective ways to boost your performance in Year 10 CCEA Chemistry. This guide breaks down the essential terms you will meet in each topic, pairing clear explanations with simple memory tricks so you can retain them quickly and confidently.
掌握化学术语是提高 CCEA Year 10 化学成绩最有效的途径之一。本指南按主题梳理了最重要的核心词汇，为每个术语提供清晰释义并搭配简单记忆窍门，帮助你快速建立稳固的知识框架。
1. Atomic Structure | 原子结构
An atom is the smallest part of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. It contains a tiny, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons arranged in shells. The nucleus houses protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge).
原子是能够参与化学反应的元素最小微粒。它包含一个极小的致密原子核，核外电子分层排布。原子核由带正电的质子和不带电的中子构成。
Proton: a positively charged particle in the nucleus. Memory trick: 'Proton' and 'Positive' both start with the letter 'P'.
质子：原子核中带正电的粒子。记忆窍门：'Proton' 和 'Positive' 均以字母 P 开头，质子带正电。
Neutron: a nuclear particle with no electric charge. Trick: 'Neutron' sounds like 'neutral', which means no charge.
中子：原子核内不带电的粒子。记忆：'Neutron' 发音类似 'neutral'，意为中性的、不带电。
Electron: a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus in shells. It has a negligible mass compared to protons and neutrons. Trick: Think of 'electron' as the 'e-' particle, where the minus sign reminds you of the negative charge.
电子：在核外分层运动的带负电粒子，质量远小于质子和中子。记忆：电子可记作 e⁻，负号直接提示电荷为负。
Atomic number (Z): the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It determines the identity of the element.
原子序数 (Z)：原子核内的质子数，决定了元素种类。
tal number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Use the formula A = protons + neutrons.
质量数 (A)：原子核中质子数与中子数之和。记作 A = 质子数 + 中子数。
Isotope: atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers (different numbers of neutrons). Because they have the same proton count, they share chemical properties and occupy the same place on the periodic table.
同位素：同种元素中质子数相同而中子数不同的原子。由于质子数相同，它们化学性质几乎一致，占据周期表中同一位置。
Ion: a charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. A positive ion is called a cation, and a negative ion is called an anion.
离子：原子得到或失去电子后形成的带电粒子。带正电的为阳离子 (cation)，带负电的为阴离子 (anion)。
2. Periodic Table | 元素周期表
The periodic table organises elements in order of increasing atomic number. Vertical columns are called groups; elements in the same group have the same number of outer‑shell electrons and similar chemical properties. Horizontal rows are called periods; the period number tells you how many electron shells an atom possesses.
元素周期表按原子序数递增的顺序排列元素。竖列称为族 (group)，同族元素最外层电子数相同，化学性质相似。横行称为周期 (period)，周期数等于原子的电子层数。
Group 1 – Alkali Metals: lithium, sodium, potassium, etc. They are soft, highly reactive metals that form alkaline solutions when they react with water. Trick: 'Alkali' starts with 'Alk', and they produce alkaline solutions.
第 1 族——碱金属：例如锂、钠、钾。它们质软，反应性强，与水反应生成碱性溶液。记忆：碱金属英文 'Alkali metals' 含有 'alkaline'，暗示其水溶液呈碱性。
Group 7 – Halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine. They are reactive non‑metals that exist as diatomic molecules (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂). Trick: 'Halogen' means 'salt‑former' – they readily form salts with metals.
第 7 族——卤素：氟、氯、溴、碘。它们是活泼的非金属，以双原子分子存在 (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂)。记忆：'Halogen' 意为 '造盐者'，它们极易与金属形成盐。
Group 0/8 – Noble Gases: helium, neon, argon, etc. They are extremely unreactive because they have a full outer electron shell; they are monatomic gases. Trick: 'Noble' suggests they are too 'proud' to react with common elements.
第 0/8 族——稀有气体：氦、氖、氩等。它们因最外层电子已满而极不活泼，以单原子气体存在。记忆：'Noble' 意为高贵，暗示它们不屑与普通元素反应。
Metal vs non‑metal: metals are found on the left and centre of the periodic table, they are usually shiny, conduct electricity, and are malleable. Non‑metals are on the right, often dull and brittle. A 'staircase' line separates them.
金属与非金属：金属位于周期表左侧和中部，通常有光泽、导电、可锻。非金属位于右侧，通常暗淡、质脆。两者间有一条 '阶梯状' 分界线。
3. Chemical Bonding | 化学键
Atoms bond together to fill or empty their outer shells and become more stable. The three major types of strong chemical bonds are ionic, covalent and metallic.
原子通过化学键达成全满或全空的最外层结构，以获得稳定。三种主要的强化学键为离子键、共价键和金属键。
Ionic bonding: the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. It typically occurs between a metal and a non‑metal. The metal atom loses electrons to form a positive cation, while the non‑metal gains electrons to form a negative anion.
离子键：带相反电荷离子之间的静电引力。通常发生在金属与非金属之间。金属失去电子形成阳离子，非金属得到电子形成阴离子。
Covalent bonding: the sharing of a pair of electrons between two non‑metal atoms. This bond holds atoms together within a molecule. Trick: 'Co' means together, 'valent' refers to valence electrons – sharing valence electrons together.
共价键：两个非金属原子间通过共用一对电子形成的键。它将原子结合成分子。记忆：'Co' 意为共同，'valent' 指价电子——共同分享价电子。
Metallic bonding: the attraction between a regular lattice of positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised outer electrons. This structure explains why metals conduct electricity and can be hammered into shape.
金属键：规则排列的金属阳离子与自由流动的离域电子 '海洋' 之间的吸引力。这种结构解释了金属为何能导电并具有延展性。
Lattice: a regular, repeating three‑dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules. Giant ionic lattices, for instance, give ionic compounds high melting points.
晶格：原子、离子或分子规则重复的三维排列。例如巨型离子晶格使离子化合物具有较高的熔点。
4. Acids, Bases and Salts | 酸、碱和盐
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water. A strong acid fully ionises, while a weak acid only partially ionises. A base is a substance that can neutralise an acid; an alkali is a soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water.
酸是溶于水时释放氢离子 (H⁺) 的物质。强酸完全电离，弱酸部分电离。碱是能够中和酸的物质；碱溶于水释放氢氧根离子 (OH⁻) 时即称为可溶性碱。
and water. General equation: Acid + Base → Salt + Water. In terms of ions: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
中和反应：酸与碱反应生成盐和水的过程。通式：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。从离子角度看即 H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。
Salt: an ionic compound formed when the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a common example.
盐：酸中的氢被金属离子或铵根离子取代后生成的离子化合物。常见的例子是氯化钠 (NaCl)。
pH scale: a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline), with 7 being neutral. Universal indicator or pH probes can be used to measure it.
pH 值：衡量溶液酸碱度的标度，范围通常为 0（极酸性）到 14（极碱性），7 为中性。常用通用指示剂或 pH 计测量。
Indicator: a substance that changes colour depending on the pH of the solution. Litmus turns red in acid and blue in alkali. Trick: 'Litmus' – Red in Acid (RA) helps you remember the colour change.
指示剂：颜色随溶液 pH 值改变的物质。石蕊在酸中
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