📚 Year 10 Eduqas Engineering: Key Terms Revision Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 工程：核心术语速记指南
For Year 10 students starting the Eduqas Engineering course, mastering key terminology is essential. This guide covers vital terms from materials, mechanics, electronics and processes to help you memorise them effectively. Each term is presented in English with a matched Chinese explanation to support bilingual learning.
对于刚开始学习 Eduqas 工程课程的 Year 10 学生来说，掌握关键术语至关重要。本指南涵盖材料、力学、电子与工艺中的重要词汇，帮助你高效记忆。每个术语均配有英文解释及对应的中文说明，方便双语学习。
1. Materials Classification | 材料分类
Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron, such as steel and cast iron. They are generally magnetic and prone to rusting unless protected.
黑色金属 是指含铁的金属，例如钢和铸铁。它们通常具有磁性，若不加以保护则容易生锈。
Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron. Examples include aluminium, copper and brass. They are typically non-magnetic and more resistant to corrosion.
有色金属 不含铁，例如铝、铜和黄铜。这类金属通常无磁性，且耐腐蚀性更强。
Alloys are mixtures of two or more elements, at least one being a metal. They are designed to improve properties, e.g. stainless steel (iron, chromium, nickel) resists rust.
合金 是由两种或多种元素（至少一种金属）组成的混合物。合金旨在改善性能，例如不锈钢（含铁、铬、镍）能抵抗锈蚀。
Thermoplastics soften when heated and harden when cooled, allowing them to be remoulded repeatedly. Examples: acrylic, polythene.
热塑性塑料 加热时变软、冷却时变硬，可反复重塑。例如亚克力、聚乙烯。
Thermosetting plastics undergo a chemical change when heated and set permanently. They cannot be remoulded. Examples: epoxy resin, melamine.
热固性塑料 加热时发生化学变化并永久定型，无法再重塑。例如环氧树脂、三聚氰胺。
Composites are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different properties. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) combines strong carbon fibres and a polymer matrix to be both lightweight and stiff.
复合材料 由两种或多种性能差异显著的材料组合而成。碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）将高强度碳纤维与聚合物基体结合，兼具轻量与高刚度。
2. Mechanical Properties | 机械性能
Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking. High tensile strength is essential for cables and structural beams.
抗拉强度 是材料在被拉伸至断裂前所能承受的最大应力。高抗拉强度对缆绳和结构梁至关重要。
Hardness is a measure of a material’s resistance to indentation or scratching. Hard materials, like tool steel, withstand wear well.
硬度 衡量材料抵抗压入或刮擦的能力。硬质材料（如工具钢）具有出色的耐磨性。
Toughness describes how much energy a material can absorb before fracturing. Tough materials, e.g. mild steel, resist cracking under sudden impact.
韧性 描述材料在断裂前可吸收的能量。韧性材料（如低碳钢）在突然冲击下不易断裂。
Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn into a wire without snapping. Copper is highly ductile and widely used in electrical wiring.
延展性 是指材料被拉成细丝而不断裂的能力。铜的延展性极佳，广泛用于电气布线。
Malleability is the ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without breaking. Aluminium’s malleability makes it ideal for foil and beverage cans.
可锻性 是指材料能被锤打或碾压成薄片而不断裂的能力。铝的延展性使其成为铝箔和饮料罐的理想材料。
Elasticity is the property of returning to original shape after a deforming force is removed. Spring steel must have high elasticity.
弹性 是材料在外力去除后恢复原状的性质。弹簧钢必须具有高弹性。
3. Engineering Processes | 工程工艺
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould. The metal solidifies to form a component, e.g. engine blocks are often made by sand casting.
铸造 是将熔融金属倒入模具，冷却凝固后形成零件。例如发动机缸体常采用砂型铸造。
Forging shapes metal using compressive forces, often while the metal is hot. Forged parts, such as spanners, have improved strength due to grain flow alignment.
锻造 利用压缩力（通常趁热）对金属进行成形。锻件（如扳手）因晶粒流线排列而强度更优。
Welding joins metals by melting the material at the joint and fusing them, often with a filler rod. MIG and TIG welding are common in fabrication.
焊接 通过熔化接头材料并使之融合（常借助焊条）来连接金属。MIG焊和TIG焊在制造中很常见。
Soldering uses a filler metal with a low melting point (solder) to join components without melting the base metals. It is widely used in electronics.
软钎焊 使用低熔点的填充金属（焊料）连接零件而不熔化母材。在电子行业中应用广泛。
Brazing is similar to soldering but uses a higher melting point filler, creating stronger joints. It is used to join brass or copper pipes.
硬钎焊 与软钎焊类似，但使用熔点更高的填充材料，可形成更强的接头，常用于连接黄铜或铜管。
Additive manufacturing (3D printing) builds up objects layer by layer from a digital model. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a popular process that extrudes thermoplastic filament.
增材制造（3D打印） 根据数字模型逐层构建物体。熔融沉积成型（FDM）是一种广泛使用的工艺，通过挤出热塑性丝材打印。
4. Electronic Components | 电子元件
Resistor limits current flow in a circuit. Its resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). Fixed resistors have coloured bands to indicate their value.
电阻器 限制电路中的电流，其阻值以欧姆（Ω）计量。固定电阻器用色环标示阻值。
Capacitor stores electrical charge temporarily. Capacitance is measured in farads (F). Capacitors are used for smoothing voltage and timing circuits.
电容器 暂时储存电荷，电容量以法拉（F）为单位。电容器常用于平滑电压和定时电路。
Diode allows current to flow in one direction only. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light when current passes through.
二极管 只允许电流单向流过。发光二极管（LED）在导电时发出光线。
Transistor can amplify signals or act as an electronic switch. Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are common in amplifier circuits.
晶体管 可放大信号或用作电子开关。双极结型晶体管（BJT）常用于放大电路。
Integrated circuit (IC) contains many electronic components on a small silicon chip. Microcontrollers are ICs that can be programmed to control systems.
集成电路（IC） 将众多电子元件集成在一个小型硅芯片上。微控制器就是可编程控制系统的集成电路。
Sensor detects changes in the environment (e.g. light, temperature) and converts them into electrical signals. A thermistor’s resistance varies with temperature.
传感器 感知环境变化（如光照、温度）并将其转换为电信号。热敏电阻的阻值随温度变化。
5. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
Lever is a rigid bar that pivots around a fulcrum to magnify an input force. Pliers, scissors and crowbars are common lever examples.
杠杆 是绕支点转动的刚性杆，可放大输入力。钳子、剪刀和撬棍都是常见的杠杆实例。
Gear is a toothed wheel that transmits motion and force. A gear train can change speed, torque and direction. The gear ratio is the ratio of the number of teeth on driven gear to driver gear.
齿轮 是一种传递运动和力的齿形轮。齿轮系可改变转速、扭矩和方向。齿轮比 是从动齿轮齿数与主动齿轮齿数之比。
Cam and follower convert rotary motion into reciprocal (up-and-down) linear motion. Cams are found in engine valves and automated machinery.
凸轮与从动件 可将旋转运动转化为往复直线运动。凸轮用于发动机气门和自动化机械。
Pulley system uses wheels and ropes/belts to lift loads or transmit power. A block and tackle reduces the effort needed to raise heavy objects.
滑轮系统 利用轮子和绳索/皮带提升负载或传递动力。滑轮组（差动滑轮）能减小提升重物所需的力。
Chain and sprocket transmits rotary motion between two shafts with no slip. Bicycle drives use this mechanism.
链轮与链条 在两轴之间无滑移地传递旋转运动，自行车驱动系统即采用此机构。
Linkage connects moving parts and can change the direction or type of motion. Reverse-motion linkages transform push into pull.
连杆机构 连接运动部件，可改变运动方向或类型。反向连杆机构能将推动变为拉动。
6. Engineering Drawing & CAD | 工程图纸与CAD
Orthographic projection shows a 3D object using three 2D views: front, side and plan. It provides accurate dimensions for manufacturing.
正交投影 用三个二维视图（前视图、侧视图和平面图）表示三维物体，为制造提供精确尺寸。
Isometric drawing is a pictorial 3D representation where vertical lines remain vertical and horizontal lines are drawn at 30° to the baseline. It helps visualise the final product.
等轴测图 是一种立体视图，竖直线条保持竖直，水平线以与基准线成30°角绘制，有助于直观展示成品。
Dimensioning adds measurements and tolerances to a drawing. Linear dimensions indicate length, while radial dimensions are used for circles and arcs.
尺寸标注 在图纸上添加测量值和公差。线性尺寸表示长度，径向尺寸用于标注圆和圆弧。
Tolerance dimension marked 50 ±0.2 mm can vary between 49.8 mm and 50.2 mm and still be acceptable.
公差 是相对于规定尺寸的允许变动范围。标注为 50 ±0.2 mm 的尺寸，在 49.8 mm 至 50.2 mm 之间均为合格。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) uses software to create precise 2D and 3D models. Solid modelling software allows engineers to test assemblies digitally.
CAD（计算机辅助设计） 使用软件创建精确的二维和三维模型。实体建模软件可让工程师在数字环境中测试装配体。
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) uses software and computers to control machine tools. CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines read CAD files to cut, drill and shape components automatically.
CAM（计算机辅助制造） 使用软件和计算机控制机床。CNC（计算机数控）机床读取CAD文件，自动完成切割、钻孔和成形。
7. Measurement & Quality Control | 测量与质量控制
Vernier caliper is a precision measuring tool that gives readings to 0.02 mm or 0.001 inches. It can measure external, internal and depth dimensions.
游标卡尺 是一种精密测量工具，精度可达 0.02 mm 或 0.001 英寸，可测量外径、内径和深度。
Micrometer provides higher accuracy than a Vernier caliper, typically to 0.01 mm. It is used for measuring thicknesses and small external diameters.
千分尺 比游标卡尺精度更高，通常可达 0.01 mm，用于测量厚度和较小的外径。
Go/No-Go gauge is a pass/fail inspection tool that checks if a part falls within tolerance limits. No measurement is read; the part simply fits or does not.
通止规 是一种合格/不合格的检测工具，用于检查零件是否在公差范围内。无需读数，只要检测工件是否通过即可。
Surface finish refers to the texture of a manufactured surface. It is measured in microns (μm) and affects friction, appearance and sealing.
表面粗糙度 指加工表面的纹理，以微米（μm）为单位，影响摩擦、外观和密封性。
Quality control (QC) involves inspecting finished products to ensure they meet specifications. Statistical process control monitors production and reduces defects.
质量控制（QC） 涉及对成品的检验以确保符合规格。统计过程控制可监控生产并减少缺陷。
Coordinate measuring machine (CMM) uses a probe to map the geometry of a component in 3D. It compares measurements to the CAD model for verification.
三坐标测量机 (CMM) 利用测头采集零件三维几何数据，并与CAD模型比对以进行验证。
8. Forces & Motion | 力与运动
Force is a push or pull measured in newtons (N). Engineering structures must balance forces to remain stable.
力 是推或拉的作用，单位为牛顿（N）。工程结构必须平衡各力以保持稳定。
Moment (torque) e × perpendicular distance from pivot (M = F × d). Spanners produce a moment to turn nuts.
力矩（扭矩） 是力的转动效应，计算公式为力 × 到支点的垂直距离 (M = F × d)。扳手产生力矩以转动螺母。
Equilibrium occurs when all forces and moments acting on a body are balanced. An object in equilibrium is either at rest or moving at constant velocity.
平衡 指作用在物体上的所有力和力矩被相互抵消。处于平衡状态的物体要么静止，要么匀速直线运动。
Velocity is speed in a given direction, measured in metres per second (m/s). Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity (m/s²).
速度 是给定方向上的速率，以米/秒（m/s）为单位。加速度 是速度的变化率（m/s²）。
Work done ated as force × distance moved in the direction of the force (W = F × s), unit: joule (J).
做功 是力使物体发生位移时传递的能量，计算公式为力 × 沿力方向移动的距离（W = F × s），单位为焦耳（J）。
Power is the rate of doing work, measured in watts (W). 1 W = 1 J/s. Engine power is often quoted in kilowatts.
功率 是做功的速率，以瓦特（W）为单位。1 W = 1 J/s。发动机功率常以千瓦标称。
9. Health & Safety | 健康与安全
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) includes safety goggles, gloves, steel-toe boots and ear defenders. It is the last line of defence against workplace hazards.
PPE（个人防护装备） 包括安全护目镜、手套、钢头鞋和听力保护器，是抵御工作场所危害的最后一道防线。
COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations require employers to control substances that can cause ill health. Risk assessments must examine fume, dust and chemical exposure.
COSHH（有害健康物质控制） 法规要求雇主管控可能损害健康的物质。风险评估必须考虑烟雾、粉尘和化学品的暴露。
Risk assessment identifies potential hazards, evaluates the likelihood and severity of harm, and implements control measures. It is a legal requirement before any engineering activity.
风险评估 识别潜在危害，评估伤害的可能性和严重程度，并采取控制措施。这是进行任何工程活动前的法律要求。
Hazard is anything with the potential to cause harm, e.g. sharp edges, hot surfaces. A risk is the chance that the hazard will actually cause harm.
危害 是任何可能造成伤害的事物，如锋利边缘、高温表面。风险 是该危害实际造成伤害的可能性。
Control measures reduce risk, such as guarding machinery, using local exhaust ventilation (LEV) to remove fumes, and having emergency stop buttons.
控制措施 可降低风险，例如为机器加装防护罩、使用局部排风系统（LEV）排出烟雾，以及安装急停按钮。
Safe working practices include keeping the workspace tidy, reporting broken equipment, and never removing guards from moving parts. Following these minimises accidents.
安全工作规范 包括保持工作区整洁、报告损坏设备、绝不移除运动部件的防护罩。遵守这些规范能最大程度减少事故。
10. Sustainability & the Environment | 可持续性与环境
Recycling reprocesses used materials into new products to conserve resources and energy. Aluminium recycling uses only 5% of the energy required for primary production.
回收 将废旧材料重新加工成新产品，以节约资源和能源。回收铝的能耗仅为原生铝生产的 5%。
Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impact of a product from raw material extraction through manufacturing, use and disposal. It helps designers choose greener options.
生命周期评估（LCA） 评估产品从原材料提取、制造、使用到废弃全过程的环境影响，帮助设计师选择更环保的方案。
Carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by an activity or product, expressed in CO₂ equivalent (kgCO₂e). Reducing the footprint is key to fighting climate change.
碳足迹 是一类活动或产品直接和间接造成的温室气体排放总量，以二氧化碳当量（kgCO₂e）表示。降低碳足迹是应对气候变化的关键。
Renewable energy comes from sources that replenish naturally, such as solar, wind and hydro. Engineering projects increasingly integrate renewables to power systems.
可再生能源 来自自然补充的源头，如太阳能、风能和水力。工程项目越来越多地引入可再生能源为系统供电。
The 6Rs of sustainability are Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repair, Refuse and Rethink. They guide engineers to minimise waste and design products with a lower environmental impact.
6R 可持续原则 指减量（Reduce）、重复使用（Reuse）、回收（Recycle）、维修（Repair）、拒绝（Refuse）和重新思考（Rethink），引导工程师最大限度减少废弃物并设计对环境影响更低的产品。
Biodegradable materials break down naturally by microorganisms. Using them for packaging reduces landfill waste. PLA, a corn-based plastic, is a common example.
可生物降解材料 能被微生物自然分解。将其用于包装可减少填埋垃圾。聚乳酸（PLA）是一种常见的玉米基可降解塑料。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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