📚 Year 10 Eduqas PE: Essential Vocabulary & Terminology Flash Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key vocabulary is the first step towards exam success in GCSE Physical Education. This guide consolidates the essential terms from the Year 10 Eduqas specification, covering health and well-being, anatomy and physiology, movement analysis, physical training, nutrition, sports psychology and socio-cultural issues. Each term is given in English with a clear Chinese definition so that you can memorise it quickly, use it accurately in written answers and gain the marks that depend on precise terminology.
掌握关键词汇是 GCSE 体育考试成功的第一步。本指南系统整理 Year 10 Eduqas 考纲中的基本术语，涵盖健康与安好、解剖与生理、动作分析、体能训练、营养、运动心理学及社会文化议题。每个术语均提供英文原词与清晰的中文释义，帮助你快速记忆、在书面答题中准确使用，并拿下那些依赖精准术语的分数。
1. Health, Fitness and Well-being | 健康、体适能与幸福
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. In Eduqas answers, treat health as a three-part concept rather than a single condition, and always link it to the performer's lifestyle.
健康是一种身体、心理和社会完全安好的状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病或虚弱。在 Eduqas 答题中，应把健康视为由三部分构成的概念，而非单一状态，并始终将其与运动者的生活方式联系起来。
Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment. A fit performer copes with the physical challenges of their sport, while a fit non-performer can still complete daily tasks without undue fatigue.
体适能是满足环境需求的能力。体适能良好的运动员能应对其运动项目的身体挑战，而体适能良好的普通人也能完成日常任务而不至于过度疲劳。
Well-being refers to a holistic combination of physical, emotional and social health factors that give a sense of satisfaction and happiness, including self-esteem, confidence and the ability to form relationships.
幸福感（安好）指身体、情感和社会健康因素的整体结合，带来满足感与快乐，其中包括自尊、自信以及建立人际关系的能力。
Exercise is planned, structured and repetitive physical activity performed to improve or maintain fitness; physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.
锻炼是为提高或保持体适能而进行的有计划、有结构、重复性的身体活动；身体活动则是由骨骼肌产生、需要消耗能量的任何身体运动。
Sedentary lifestyle describes a routine with little or no physical activity, while a hypokinetic disease is one linked to inactivity, such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity and osteoporosis.
久坐生活方式指几乎或完全没有身体活动的日常状态；运动不足性疾病指与缺乏活动相关的疾病，如冠心病、2 型糖尿病、肥胖和骨质疏松。
2. Health-related Components of Fitness | 健康相关体适能组成部分
Cardiovascular endurance, also called aerobic endurance or stamina, is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles during sustained exercise, for example a 1500 m swim or a full football match.
心血管耐力（也称有氧耐力或耐力素质）是心脏和肺在持续运动中将氧气输送到工作肌肉的能力，例如 1500 米游泳或一整场足球比赛。
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions without fatigue, for example the quadriceps working through a long downhill run.
肌肉耐力是肌肉或肌群重复收缩而不疲劳的能力，例如股四头肌在长距离下坡跑中持续工作。
Strength is the maximum force a muscle can exert in a single contraction. Maximal strength is the greatest force possible, explosive strength is force applied quickly, and static strength is force applied against a fixed resistance.
力量是肌肉单次收缩所能产生的最大力。最大力量是所能产生的最大力，爆发力量是快速施力，静力性力量是作用于固定阻力上的力。
Flexibility is the range of motion around a joint, influenced by joint structure, muscle length, ligaments, tendons, age and temperature. Body composition is the relative proportion of fat, muscle, bone and water in the body, usually expressed as a percentage of body fat.
柔韧性是关节的活动范围，受关节结构、肌肉长度、韧带、肌腱、年龄和温度影响。身体成分是体内脂肪、肌肉、骨骼与水分所占的相对比例，通常以体脂百分比表示。
| Component | Key word | Typical test |
| Cardiovascular endurance | Oxygen supply | Cooper 12-minute run |
| Muscular endurance | Repeated contractions | Sit-up bleep test |
| Strength | Maximum force | Handgrip dynamometer |
| Flexibility | Range of motion | Sit and reach test |
| Body composition | Fat to lean ratio | BMI and skinfold callipers |
3. Skill-related Components of Fitness | 技能相关体适能组成部分
Speed is the rate at which a performer can move the body or a body part over a given distance, whereas reaction time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus such as the starter's pistol.
速度是运动者在给定距离内移动身体或身体某部位的快慢；反应时间则是对刺激（如发令枪）作出反应所需的时间。
Agility is the ability to change the direction of the body quickly and under control, for example a netball centre dodging a defender; it combines speed, balance, coordination and flexibility.
灵敏性是快速且受控地改变身体方向的能力，例如无板篮球中锋摆脱防守队员；它综合了速度、平衡、协调与柔韧。
Balance is the ability to maintain the body's centre of mass over its base of support. Static balance is held while still, such as a handstand, and dynamic balance is maintained while moving, such as cycling or a gymnastics landing.
平衡是将身体重心维持于支撑面之上的能力。静态平衡在静止时保持，如倒立；动态平衡在移动中保持，如骑自行车或体操落地。
Coordination is the smooth, efficient interaction of the senses and body parts to produce accurate movement, such as hand-eye coordination in batting or striking a hockey ball.
协调是感官与身体各部位顺畅、高效地配合以产生准确动作的能力，例如击球时的手眼协调或曲棍球击球。
Power is the product of strength and speed, sometimes written as explosive strength: it is the ability to produce a large force in a short time, as in a vertical jump or a sprinter's drive phase.
爆发力是力量与速度的乘积，有时称为爆发性力量：即在短时间内产生大力值的能力，如纵跳或短跑起跑推进阶段。
4. Anatomy: Bones, Joints and Muscles | 解剖学：骨骼、关节与肌肉
The skeleton has five functions: support, protection, movement, blood cell production and mineral storage. Bone types include long bones such as the femur, short bones such as the carpals, flat bones such as the scapula, irregular bones such as the vertebrae and sesamoid bones such as the patella.
骨骼有五大功能：支撑、保护、运动、造血与矿物质储存。骨的类型包括长骨（如股骨）、短骨（如腕骨）、扁骨（如肩胛骨）、不规则骨（如椎骨）以及籽骨（如髌骨）。
Joint types in Eduqas questions are the hinge joint (knee, elbow), the ball and socket joint (hip, shoulder), the pivot joint (atlas and axis), the condyloid joint (wrist) and the gliding joint (tarsals).
Eduqas 常考关节类型包括：铰链关节（膝、肘）、球窝关节（髋、肩）、枢轴关节（寰椎与枢椎）、椭圆关节（腕）以及滑动关节（跗骨之间）。
Movement terminology at joints includes flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. Always name the joint and the bones involved to secure full marks.
关节动作术语包括屈曲、伸展、外展、内收、环转、旋转、背屈和跖屈。作答时务必写出关节名称与相关骨骼，才能拿到满分。
Muscles work in antagonistic pairs: the agonist (prime mover) contracts while the antagonist relaxes. Isotonic contraction produces movement, either concentric (shortening) or eccentric (lengthening), whereas isometric contraction generates tension with no movement.
肌肉以对抗肌对方式工作：主动肌（原动肌）收缩，对抗肌放松。等张收缩产生动作，分为向心（缩短）和离心（拉长）；等长收缩产生张力但不产生动作。
Slow twitch (type I) fibres are fatigue resistant and suited to endurance events, while fast twitch (type II) fibres contract quickly and strongly for sprinting and jumping but fatigue rapidly. Tendons attach muscle to bone, ligaments attach bone to bone and cartilage reduces friction at joints.
慢肌纤维（I 型）抗疲劳，适合耐力项目；快肌纤维（II 型）收缩快而有力，适合短跑与跳跃，但易疲劳。肌腱将肌肉连接于骨，韧带将骨连接于骨，软骨减少关节摩擦。
5. Movement Analysis: Levers, Planes and Axes | 动作分析：杠杆、平面与轴
A lever is a rigid bar that rotates around a fulcrum (pivot) when effort is applied to move a load. In the body, bones act as levers, joints as fulcrums, muscles as the effort and body mass or an object as the load.
杠杆是绕支点转动的刚性杆，当施加动力以移动负荷时即产生运动。在人体中，骨是杠杆，关节是支点，肌肉收缩提供动力，体重或外部物体构成负荷。
First class levers have the fulcrum between effort and load, such as the neck when nodding, giving balance rather than force. Second class levers have the load between fulcrum and effort, such as the calf raising the heel, giving a mechanical advantage. Third class levers have the effort between fulcrum and load, such as the biceps flexing the elbow, giving speed and range of movement.
第一类杠杆支点位于动力与负荷之间，如点头时的颈部，主要提供平衡而非力量。第二类杠杆负荷位于支点与动力之间，如小腿提起脚跟，具有机械优势。第三类杠杆动力位于支点与负荷之间，如肱二头肌使肘屈曲，提供速度与活动幅度。
The three planes of movement are the sagittal plane (left and right halves, e.g. running), the frontal plane (front and back halves, e.g. a cartwheel) and the transverse plane (top and bottom halves, e.g. a twist).
三个运动平面分别是：矢状面（左右两半，如跑步）、额状面（前后两半，如侧手翻）和水平面（上下两半，如转体）。
The matching axes are the transverse axis (sagittal plane), the sagittal axis (frontal plane) and the longitudinal axis (transverse plane). A safe exam sentence is: movement occurs in a plane about an axis.
相应的轴为：横轴（对应矢状面）、矢状轴（对应额状面）和纵轴（对应水平面）。考试中的稳妥表述是：动作在某一平面内、绕某一轴发生。
6. Principles and Methods of Training | 训练原则与方法
Specificity means training must match the demands of the activity, progressive overload means gradually increasing the training stimulus, reversibility means fitness is lost when training stops, and tedium refers to boredom, which is avoided by varying sessions.
专项性指训练必须符合项目需求；渐进超负荷指逐渐增加训练刺激；可逆性指停止训练体适能就会下降；单调乏味指枯燥感，可通过变化训练内容避免。
The FITT principle stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type, and it is used to plan and adjust a training programme so that overload is applied safely and systematically.
FITT 原则指频率、强度、时间和类型，用于规划和调整训练计划，使超负荷以安全、系统的方式施加。
Maximum heart rate (bpm) = 220 − age
The aerobic training zone
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