📚 Year 10 Eduqas Philosophy: Key Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 哲学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology in the Eduqas Philosophy specification is just as important as understanding the arguments themselves. This guide provides clear definitions, memory hooks and bilingual explanations to help you recall key terms quickly and accurately in your assessments. Use the shortcuts and stories to turn abstract words into durable knowledge.
在 Eduqas 哲学大纲中，掌握术语和掌握论证同等重要。本指南提供了清晰的定义、记忆锚点和中英文解释，帮助你在考试中快速准确地回忆起关键术语。利用这些捷径和故事，把抽象的词汇转化为牢固的知识。
1. The Omni-Attributes of God | 神的全属性
The God of classical theism is often described using three interrelated 'omni' words. The prefix omni- means 'all', a handy root that instantly unlocks each term's meaning.
古典有神论中的上帝常用三个相互关联的 'omni' 词来描述。前缀 omni- 意为 '全'，这个有用的词根能立刻解锁每个词的含义。
Omnipotence = all-powerful. Think of 'potent' n do anything that is logically possible, but cannot create a square circle or make 2+2=5.
全能 (Omnipotence) = 全能的。联想 'potent'（效力强的）表示力量，就像特效药。上帝能做任何逻辑上可能的事，但不能创造方形的圆或让2+2等于5。
Omniscience = all-knowing. 'Science' comes from the Latin scientia, knowledge. God knows everything—past, present and future, including all human choices.
全知 (Omniscience) = 全知的。'Science' 源自拉丁语 scientia，知识。上帝知晓万事——过去、现在和未来，包括人类的一切选择。
Omnibenevolence = all-loving or all-good. 'Bene' means good, as in 'benefit' or 'benevolence'. God is perfectly good and wills the best for creation.
全善 (Omnibenevolence) = 全爱的或全善的。'Bene' 意为好，如 'benefit'（益处）。上帝至善，愿把最好的赐予受造界。
Also essential: transcendent means God exists beyond space and time, while immanent indicates God is present and active within the world. Mnemonic: 'Transcend' sends you up and beyond; 'immanent' keeps God 'in the moment'.
同样核心的术语：超然 (transcendent) 指上帝超越时空而存在，内在 (immanent) 则指上帝存在于世界之中并积极行动。记忆法：'Transcend' 让你向上超越，'immanent' 让上帝栖于当下。
2. Design and Cosmological Arguments | 设计论与宇宙论论证
These two arguments aim to prove God's existence through reason and observation. A simple way to remember their names is through their Greek roots: teleological from telos (purpose) and cosmological from cosmos (universe).
这两个论证旨在通过理性与观察来证明上帝存在。一个简单的记忆方式是利用希腊词根：目的论论证 (teleological) 源自 telos（目的），宇宙论论证 (cosmological) 源自 cosmos（宇宙）。
Teleological (Design) Argument: William Paley's watchmaker analogy is classic. If you find a watch on a heath, its intricate parts suggest a designer. Similarly, the complexity of nature points to a divine Designer. Memory trick: a watch needs a watchmaker, so the world needs a Worldmaker.
目的论（设计）论证 (Teleological Argument): 威廉·佩利的钟表类比最为经典。如果你在荒原上发现一块手表，其精巧的部件意味着存在一位设计者。同理，自然的复杂性指向一位神圣的设计者。记忆秘诀：手表需要制表师，因此世界需要创世者。
Cosmological (First Cause) Argument: Thomas Aquinas argued that everything has a cause, but we cannot have an infinite regress of causes. There must be a First Cause, which is God. Visualise a line of dominoes: something must push the first one. The uncaused cause is that first push.
宇宙论（第一因）论证 (Cosmological Argument): 托马斯·阿奎那认为，万物皆有因，但我们不能有无穷回溯的因果链。必须有一个第一因，那就是上帝。想象一排多米诺骨牌：必须有东西推倒第一块。那不被引发的第一推即是第一因。
Infinite causal chain → ❌ | Uncaused First Cause → God
无限因果链 → ❌ | 不被引发的第一因 → 上帝
3. Religious Experience and Revelation | 宗教体验与启示
For many believers, knowledge of God does not come solely from logic, but from direct encounter. The Eduqas course expects you to distinguish between different forms of revelation and experience.
对许多信徒而言，对上帝的认识并非仅来自逻辑，而是来自直接的相遇。Eduqas 课程希望你能区分不同形式的启示和体验。
General revelation is available to all people at all times, often through nature, conscience or the beauty of the world. Special revelation is given to particular persons at particular moments, such as through scriptures, prophets or miracles. Mnemonic: 'General' is like a general store – open to everyone; 'Special' is a special invitation.
普遍启示 (General revelation) 可在任何时间被任何人获得，往往通过自然、良心或世界之美。 特殊启示 (Special revelation) 则在特定时刻赐予特定之人，例如通过圣经、先知或神迹。记忆法：'General' 就如普通商店——向所有人开放；'Special' 则是特别邀请。
Numinous experience (Rudolf Otto) is a feeling of awe, wonder and being in the presence of something wholly other. Think of 'gazing at a starry sky' – you feel both fascinated and small. Conversion is a radical change of belief and direction, like St Paul on the road to Damascus.
努秘体验 (Numinous experience)（鲁道夫·奥托）是一种敬畏、惊叹、感受到全然他者同在的情感。想象 '仰望星空'——你既着迷又感到渺小。 皈依 (Conversion) 是信仰和人生方向的彻底改变，如大马士革路上的圣保罗。
A miracle is often defined as a striking interruption of natural law, attributed to divine action. David Hume famously challenged miracles, arguing it is always more probable that the reporter is mistaken than that a law of nature was violated. Remember the phrase: 'Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.'
神迹 (Miracle) 常被定义为对自然规律的显著打断，归因于神的行动。大卫·休谟曾提出著名挑战，认为证人犯错的可能性总是高于自然规律被违犯的可能性。记住这句话：'非凡的主张需要非凡的证据。'
4. The Problem of Evil and Suffering | 恶与受苦的问题
The existence of evil and suffering is perhaps the strongest challenge to belief in an omnipotent, omnibenevolent God. You must be able to define the types of evil and explain the key theodicies.
恶与受苦的存在或许是对全能全善之上帝信仰最有力的挑战。你必须能够定义恶的类型，并解释关键的苦难神义论。
Moral evil results from human choices – murder, theft, cruelty. Natural evil arises from the natural world – earthquakes, disease, floods. Think of 'moral' as done by mortal beings, 'natural' as caused by nature's own processes.
道德恶 (Moral evil) 源于人类的选择——谋杀、偷窃、残忍。 自然恶 (Natural evil) 源于自然世界——地震、疾病、洪水。记忆法：'道德' 由凡人（mortal）所为，'自然' 由自然过程造成。
The inconsistent triad states that God cannot be omnipotent, omnibenevolent and yet allow evil to exist. If God were all-powerful, he could stop evil; if all-loving, he would want to. Yet evil exists. Something must give. Theodicy is an attempt to justify God's ways in the face of evil. Literally, 'theo-dicy' = God's justice.
不一致三难 (Inconsistent triad) 指出，上帝不能同时全能、全善却又允许恶存在。若上帝全能，他就能阻止恶；若全善，他就愿阻止恶。然而恶确实存在。必须放弃其中某一点。 神义论 (Theodicy) 是指在恶面前为上帝之道辩护的尝试。字面意思就是 '神的正义'。
Omnipotence ∧ Omnibenevolence ∧ Evil exist → Contradiction
全能 ∧ 全善 ∧ 恶存在 → 矛盾
Augustinian theodicy: Evil is not a positive thing but a privation of good, like a hole in a shirt. God created a perfect world; evil entered through the misuse of free will by angels and humans. Irenaean theodicy: God allows evil and suffering as a means of soul-making – o the likeness of God. Memory pair: Augustine = hole/absence; Irenaeus = gym for the soul.
奥古斯丁神义论： 恶并非实体，而是善的亏缺，就像衬衫上的洞。上帝创造了完美的世界，恶因天使和人类滥用自由意志而入世。 爱任纽神义论： 上帝允许恶与受苦，作为锻造灵魂的工具——在挣扎中我们长成上帝的样式。记忆搭档：奥古斯丁 = 破洞/缺失；爱任纽 = 灵魂健身房。
5. Life After Death | 来世
Beliefs about what happens after we die shape moral behaviour and religious commitment. You need to know the differences between resurrection, immortality of the soul and reincarnation, as well as the philosophical positions that support or challenge them.
关于死后会发生什么的信念塑造着道德行为和宗教委身。你需要知道复活、灵魂不朽和轮回之间的区别，以及支持或挑战它们的哲学立场。
Dualism holds that the soul and body are distinct substances; the soul can survive bodily death. Plato and Descartes are key dualist thinkers. Materialism argues that the mind/soul is not separate from the physical body; when the body dies, consciousness ends. Think of dualism as 'two-ism' and materialism as 'matter-only'.
二元论 (Dualism) 主张灵魂和身体是两种不同的实体；灵魂能在身体死后继续存在。柏拉图和笛卡尔是重要的二元论思想家。 唯物论 (Materialism) 主张心灵/灵魂并不独立于身体；身体死亡，意识即终结。记忆法：二元论即 '二'，唯物论即 '唯物质'。
Resurrection is the Christian belief that God will raise the whole person – body and soul – to new life. It is not simply a ghostly existence but a transformation of the entire self. Immortality of the soul suggests the soul lives on after death, often waiting for final judgement or union with God.
复活 (Resurrection) 是基督教的信念，即上帝会让全人——身体和灵魂——进入新生命。它不只是幽灵般的存在，而是整个自我的转化。 灵魂不朽 (Immortality of the soul) 指灵魂死后继续存在，常等候最终审判或与上帝合一。
Reincarnation is the cycle of rebirth found in Hinduism and Sikhism, where the soul is born again into a new body depending on karma. Mnemonic: 're-in-carn' means 'again in flesh'; resurrection means body rises again, not a new body.
轮回 (Reincarnation) 是在印度教和锡克教中发现的再生循环，灵魂依据业力投生于新的躯体。记忆诀窍：'re-in-carn' 意为 '再次进入肉身'；复活是同一身体再次升起，而非新身体。
6. Ethical Theories: Absolutism and Relativism | 伦理理论：绝对主义与相对主义
When making moral decisions, some people appeal to fixed rules, others to the circumstances. Eduqas often asks you to apply these theories to contemporary issues like euthanasia or abortion.
在做道德决定时，有些人诉诸不变的规则，有些人则看具体情境。Eduqas 常要求你将这些理论应用于安乐死或堕胎等当代议题。
Absolutism: there are moral rules that apply always and everywhere, regardless of consequences. For example, 'do not kill' is an absolute command. Relativism: nother. Mnemonic: Absolutism = Always the same; Relativism = Relates to the circumstances.
绝对主义 (Absolutism): 存在某些道德规则，无论后果如何，始终并且到处适用。例如，'不可杀人' 是一条绝对的命令。 相对主义 (Relativism): 道德真理取决于文化、情境或个人；在一种情境下对的，在另一种情境下可能错。记忆法：绝对主义永远一致；相对主义关联情境。
Situation ethics (Joseph Fletcher) offers a middle way: only one absolute rule – agape, unconditional love – but how love is shown depends pragmatically on the situation. Think of it as 'relativism with a loving centre'.
情境伦理 (Situation ethics)（约瑟夫·弗莱彻）提供了一条中间道路：唯一绝对的规则是圣爱（agape，无条件的爱），但如何表达爱则视具体情境务实地决定。可将其视为 '以爱为核心的相对主义'。
7. Sanctity of Life and Quality of Life | 生命神圣性与生命质量
Two influential concepts in medical ethics are the sanctity of life and the quality of life. Recognising which view underpins an argument will help you evaluate it effectively.
在医学伦理学中，两个极具影响力的概念是生命神圣性和生命质量。识别一个论证背后所依据的是哪种观点，能帮助你有效地进行评价。
Sanctity of life: all human life is sacred and precious because it is given by God. This view often leads to the conclusion that euthanasia and abortion are always wrong. The word 'sanctity' shares a root with 'sanctuary' – a holy, protected place.
生命神圣性 (Sanctity of life): 一切人类生命都是神圣而宝贵的，因为它是上帝所赐的。这种观点常导致安乐死和堕胎一概错误的结论。'Sanctity' 与 'sanctuary'（避难所）同根——一个圣洁、受保护之处。
Quality of life: the value of life depends on factors such as autonomy, consciousness, freedom from pain and ability to pursue goals. In this view, a life full of suffering without hope of recovery might no longer be worth living. Think of 'quality' as a measurement scale – how much good is in the life?
生命质量 (Quality of life): 生命的价值取决于自主性、意识、免于疼痛的能力以及追求目标的能力等因素。根据这种观点，一个充满痛苦且无望康复的生命或许不再值得活。将 '质量' 想作一把量尺——生命中有多少好？
When writing about abortion or euthanasia, always identify whether the argument appeals to sanctity or quality. This shows high-level analysis.
在写有关堕胎或安乐死的文章时，总要识别论证诉诸的是神圣性还是质量。这会展现高层次的分析能力。
8. Free Will and Determinism | 自由意志与决定论
The debate about whether we are free to choose our actions or are determined by forces beyond our control is central to philosophical discussions of moral responsibility.
关于我们是否能自由选择自己的行动，还是被超越我们控制的力量所决定的辩论，是有关道德责任的哲学讨论的核心。
Hard determinism: all events, including human choices, are caused by prior events. If the universe is deterministic, free will is an illusion. Picture a long chain of cause-and-effect with no gaps.
硬决定论 (Hard determinism): 一切事件，包括人类的选择，都是由先前事件引起的。如果宇宙是决定论的，自由意志就是幻觉。想象一条没有间隙的因果长链。
Libertarianism (free will): humans have genuine freedom; we could have done otherwise. This view is essential for holding people morally accountable. Associate 'libertarianism' with 'liberty' – freedom is real.
自由意志论 (Libertarianism): 人类拥有真正的自由；我们本来可以不这样做。这一观点对于让人承担道德责任至关重要。将 'libertarianism' 与 'liberty'（自由）关联——自由是真实的。
Soft determinism or compatibilism: ong as we act according to our own desires, without external coercion. It is a compromise: 'determined but free enough' lity. Mnemonic: hard = no freedom; soft = free within limits; libertarian = total freedom.
软决定论或称相容论 (Soft determinism / Compatibilism): 即使宇宙是决定论的，只要我们按照自己的欲望行动，没有外在强迫，我们仍可称这些行动为自由的。这是一种折衷：'受决定但足够自由'以承担责任。记忆法：硬决定论 = 无自由；软决定论 = 有限制下的自由；自由意志论 = 完全自由。
9. Sources of Moral Authority | 道德权威的来源
Religious believers derive moral guidance from various sources. Recognising these will help you explain why a follower of a particular religion might take a certain stance on ethical issues.
宗教信徒从各种来源获取道德指引。认清这些来源将帮助你解释
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 哲学 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图