📚 Year 11 AQA Physics: Key Terms & Quick-Memorisation Guide | AQA物理：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the precise vocabulary of physics is essential for success in your AQA GCSE exams. Many students confuse similar-sounding terms or struggle to recall definitions under pressure. This guide breaks down key concepts into memorable chunks, offering mnemonics, visual tips, and concise comparisons to help you lock the terms into your long-term memory. From scalars and vectors to isotopes and half-life, each section pairs an English explanation with a Chinese translation to reinforce bilingual understanding.
掌握物理学的精确术语是在 AQA GCSE 物理考试中取得好成绩的关键。许多学生容易混淆发音相似的术语，或在紧张时想不起来确切的定义。这份指南将关键概念分解成容易记忆的小块，提供记忆口诀、视觉化技巧和简洁对比，帮助你把这些术语牢牢记在长期记忆中。从标量和矢量到同位素和半衰期，每个小节都配有中英文解释，强化双语理解。
1. Scalar vs Vector | 标量与矢量
A scalar has magnitude only, while a vector has both magnitude and direction. Think of 'scalar' as 'scale'—it tells you how much, but not which way. A vector, on the other hand, points somewhere. Common scalars include distance, speed, mass, and energy. Common vectors include displacement, velocity, force, and acceleration. A quick memory trick: 'Scalars are just a number; vectors need an arrow.'
标量只有大小，而矢量既有大小又有方向。可以把“标量”想象成“刻度”——它只告诉你多少，而不指示方向。矢量则会指向某个方向。常见的标量有距离、速率、质量和能量。常见的矢量有位移、速度、力和加速度。一个快速记忆技巧：“标量就是一个数字，矢量需要箭头。”
2. Speed and Velocity | 速率与速度
Speed is the rate of covering distance, a scalar. Velocity is the rate of change of displacement, a vector. In everyday language, they are often used interchangeably, but in physics, if you change direction, your velocity changes even if your speed stays the same. Think of a racing car going round a bend at constant speed – its velocity is changing because its direction changes. Mnemonic: Velocity has 'ocity,' but just remember that 'velocity' includes direction, and vector starts with V.
速率是覆盖距离的快慢，是标量。速度是位移的变化率，是矢量。在日常生活中，人们常混用这两个词，但在物理学中，如果你改变了方向，即使速率不变，速度也会发生变化。想想赛车以恒定速率过弯——因为方向改变，速度随之变化。记忆技巧：Velocity 里有“速”，但要记住速度包含方向，而矢量（vector）的首字母也是 V。
3. Mass and Weight | 质量与重量
wards. Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = m g). On the Moon, your mass is unchanged, but your weight is less because g is smaller. Recall the rhyme: 'Mass is what you're made of; weight is the pull from above.'
质量是物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克，是标量。重量是由重力产生的力，单位是牛顿，方向始终向下。重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度 (W = m g)。在月球上，你的质量不变，但由于重力场强度较小，你的重量会变轻。记住口诀：“质量是物质的量，重量是来自天上的拉力。”
W = m g
4. Work and Energy | 功与能量
along the line of force. Energy is the capacity to do work, and it can be stored or transferred. The key idea: 'work' g chemical energy from his muscles to kinetic energy of the box. Visualise work as a bridge between forces and energy.
当一个力使物体移动时，就做了功。功（焦耳）= 力（牛顿）× 沿力方向移动的距离（米）。能量是做功的本领，可以储存或转移。关键概念：“功”是能量转移的过程。人推箱子做了功，将肌肉中的化学能转化为箱子的动能。可以把功想象成力和能量之间的桥梁。
W = F s
5. Power and Efficiency | 功率与效率
eful output energy to total input energy: Efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100% ul machine does a lot of work quickly; an efficient one wastes little energy. Remember the 'power shower' – it delivers a lot of water in a short time. For efficiency, think of a 'leaky bucket': the more that stays, the higher the efficiency.
功率是做功或转移能量的快慢：P = W / t（单位：瓦特）。效率是有用输出能量与总输入能量之比：效率 = (有用输出/总输入) × 100%。大功率的机器可以快速做大量功；高效率的机器能量浪费很少。可以这样记：功率就像“强力淋浴”——在短时间内出很多水；而效率像“漏水的水桶”——剩下的水越多，效率就越高。
P = W / t and Efficiency = useful output/total input × 100%
6. Current and Potential Difference | 电流与电势差
Electric current is the rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). It is the same everywhere in a single loop series circuit. Potential difference (p.d.), or voltage, is the work done per unit charge between two points, measured in volts (V). Think of current as the amount of water flowing through a pipe per second, and voltage as the pressure pushing it. To prevent confusion, use the phrase: 'Current flows, voltage pushes.'
电流是电荷流动的快慢，单位是安培（A）。在单一环路串联电路中，各处的电流都相等。电势差（p.d.），也称电压，是单位电荷在两点之间做的功，单位是伏特（V）。可以把电流想象成每秒流过水管的水量，电压则是推动水流的压力。为避免混淆，记牢这句话：“电流在流，电压在推。”
7. Resistance and Ohm’s Law | 电阻与欧姆定律
ional to the potential difference across it: V = I R. Resistance is constant for an ohmic conductor. A filament lamp does not obey Ohm’s Law because its resistance increases with temperature. Use the triangle method: cover the quantity you want – V over I times R. Mnemonic: 'Vicky Is Right (VIR).'
电阻阻碍电流的流动。欧姆定律指出，对于温度恒定的元件，通过它的电流与其两端的电势差成正比：V = I R。欧姆导体的电阻是恒定的。白炽灯的灯丝不遵守欧姆定律，因为其电阻随温度升高而增大。可以使用公式三角形：遮住要求的量——V 在 I 和 R 上面，即 V = I × R。记忆口诀：“Very Important Rabbit (V.I.R.)”或“Vicky Is Right”帮助记忆 V = I R。
V = I R
8. Series and Parallel Circuits | 串联与并联电路
In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end. The current is the same everywhere, but the total resistance adds up: Rtotal rallel circuit, components are on separate branches. The p.d. across each branch is the same as the supply. The total current is the sum of branch currents; adding more branches reduces total resistance. Analogy: Series is like one narrow lane – all traffic goes through it; parallel is like multiple lanes – more paths, less resistance.
在串联电路中，元件首尾相连。各处电流相等，但总电阻为各电阻之和：R总 = R₁ + R₂ + ... 电势差被分配。并联电路中，元件位于不同的支路。各支路的电势差与电源电压相同。总电流等于各支路电流之和；增加支路会降低总电阻。类比：串联就像一条单车道——所有车辆必须通过；并联就像多条车道——路径多了，阻力就小了。
9. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves | 横波与纵波
Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Examples: light, water ripples, all electromagnetic waves. Longitudinal waves oscillate parallel to the direction of energy transfer. They consist of compressions and rarefactions. Sound waves and seismic P-waves are longitudinal. Use the hand gesture: shake a slinky sideways for transverse, push and pull for longitudinal. Think of 'trans' as 'across' and 'longitudinal' as 'along.'
横波的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直。例如：光、水波、所有电磁波都是横波。纵波的振动方向与能量传递方向平行，由密部和疏部组成。声波和地震P波是纵波。用手势辅助记忆：横向甩动弹簧代表横波，推拉代表纵波。可以将“trans”理解为“横跨”，而“longitudinal”中的“long”指向“纵向”。
10. Electromagnetic Spectrum Order | 电磁波谱顺序
The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, from lowest frequency/longest wavelength to highest frequency/shortest wavelength, is: Radio, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays. Mnemonic: 'Red Monkeys In Velvet Underpants eXperience Gravity' or 'Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns.' The visible spectrum can be remembered with ROYGBIV: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet. EM waves are all transverse and travel at the same speed in a vacuum.
电磁波谱从低频率/长波长到高频率/短波长的顺序是：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线、伽马射线。记忆口诀：“Red Monkeys In Velvet Underpants eXperience Gravity”（红猴穿着天鹅绒内裤体验重力），中文可以用“无线红微，见紫X伽”或自编故事。可见光谱用“红橙黄绿蓝靛紫”记忆。所有电磁波都是横波，在真空中传播速率相同。
11. Isotopes and Half-Life | 同位素与半衰期
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Radioactive decay is random, and half-life is the time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay. It can be found from a decay graph by reading the time for the count rate to halve. Remember: 'Isotope – same proton count, different neutron amount.' For half-life, imagine a sand timer for each half.
同位素是质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素的原子。它们的原子序数相同，但质量数不同。放射性衰变是随机的，半衰期是指样品中一半放射性原子核发生衰变所需的时间。可以从衰变图上读取计数率减半的时间来确定半衰期。记忆技巧：“同位素——质子数一样，中子数不同。”对于半衰期，可以想象一个每段时间流走一半沙粒的沙漏。
Half-life t₁/₂
12. Elastic Potential Energy and Hooke’s Law | 弹性势能与胡克定律
Hooke’s Law states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded: F
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