📚 AQA GCSE Physics: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | AQA GCSE 物理公式定理速查手册
This quick reference guide brings together all the essential equations, laws and principles you need for the AQA GCSE Physics examinations. Each formula is presented clearly, together with its meaning and standard units, so you can revise efficiently and tackle calculation problems with confidence.
这本速查手册汇集了 AQA GCSE 物理考试所需的所有重要公式、定律和原理。每条公式都清楚地列出了含义和标准单位，帮助你高效复习，自信应对计算题。
1. Motion & Kinematics | 运动与运动学
Average speed (v) equals distance travelled (s) divided by time taken (t). ed is measured in metres per second (m/s), distance in metres (m) and time in seconds (s).
平均速度 (v) 等于移动距离 (s) 除以所用时间 (t)。 这是物体移动距离、快慢和时间之间的基本关系。v = s / t。速度单位为米每秒 (m/s)，距离为米 (m)，时间为秒 (s)。
v = s / t
Acceleration (a) is the rate of change of velocity. in . It is calculated from the change in velocity (final velocity v minus initial velocity u) divided by the time taken. a = (v – u) / t. Acceleration has units of m/s².
加速度 (a) 是速度变化的快慢。 用速度变化量（末速度 v 减初速度 u）除以时间来计算。a = (v – u) / t。加速度的单位是 m/s²。
a = (v – u) / t
inking final velocity, initial velocity, acceleration and displacement without time is: v² – u² = 2 a s. This is particularly useful when the time interval is not known. s represents displacement.
无需时间的运动学方程：末速度、初速度、加速度与位移的关系为：v² – u² = 2 a s。 当不知道时间间隔时，这个公式特别有用。s 代表位移。
v² – u² = 2 a s
For objects falling freely under gravity, the acceleration g is approximately 9.8 m/s² on Earth. The same kinematic equations apply, with a replaced by g (and appropriate sign conventions for direction).
对于在地球上自由下落的物体，重力加速度 g 约为 9.8 m/s²。 上述运动学方程同样适用，只需将 a 替换为 g（并根据方向规定正负号）。
2. Forces & Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Newton’s Second Law states that the resultant force (F) on an object is equal to its mass (m) multiplied by its acceleration (a). (N), mass in kilograms (kg). This is the core relationship linking force, mass and motion.
牛顿第二定律：作用在物体上的合力 (F) 等于物体的质量 (m) 乘以加速度 (a)。 F = m a。力用牛顿 (N) 度量，质量用于克 (kg)。这是联系力、质量与运动的核心关系。
F = m a
Weight (W) is the force due to gravity acting on a mass. nal field strength (≈ 9.8 N/kg on Earth). Weight is a force and so is measured in newtons.
重量 (W) 是重力作用在物体上的力。 W = m g，其中 g 为引力场强度（地球上约为 9.8 N/kg）。重量是一种力，因此单位是牛顿。
W = m g
Momentum (p) is the product of mass and velocity: p = m v. It is a vector quantity measured in kg m/s. In a closed system, total momentum before a collision equals total momentum after (conservation of momentum).
动量 (p) 是质量与速度的乘积：p = m v。 它是矢量，单位为 kg m/s。在封闭系统中，碰撞前的总动量等于碰撞后的总动量（动量守恒）。
p = m v
Force can also be expressed as the rate of change of momentum: F = Δp / t. This is an alternative statement of Newton’s second law and helps explain safety features like air bags, which increase the time of impact to reduce the force.
力也可以表示为动量的变化率：F = Δp / t。 这是牛顿第二定律的另一种表述，有助于解释安全气囊等装置——通过延长碰撞时间来减小受力。
F = Δp / t
Hooke’s Law describes the extension of a spring: force applied (F) is directly proportional to extension (e), provided the limit of proportionality is not exceeded. F = k e, where k is the spring constant (N/m).
胡克定律描述弹簧的伸长量：在不超过弹性限度时，施加的力 (F) 与伸长量 (e) 成正比。 F = k e，其中 k 是弹簧劲度系数 (N/m)。
F = k e
The moment of a force about a pivot is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot. An object is in equilibrium when the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments.
力矩是力乘以从支点到力作用线的垂直距离。 M = F d。单位为牛顿米 (Nm)。当顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和时，物体处于平衡状态。
M = F d
Pressure (p) is force per unit area: p = F / A. is equivalent to N/m². Pressure in a liquid also depends on depth and density: p = h ρ g.
压强 (p) 是单位面积上所受的力：p = F / A。 单位是帕斯卡 (Pa)，相当于 N/m²。液体中的压强还与深度和密度有关：p = h ρ g。
p = F / A
p = h ρ g
3. Energy & Work | 能量与功
Work done (W) by a force is the force multiplied by the distance moved in the direction of the force. W = F s. One joule (J) is the work done when a force of 1 N moves an object 1 m.
力所做的功 (W) 等于力乘以物体沿力的方向移动的距离。 W = F s。1 焦耳 (J) 就是 1 牛 (N) 的力使物体移动 1 米所做的功。
W = F s
Kinetic energy (Eₖ) of a moving object depends on its mass and speed: Eₖ = ½ m v². Doubling the speed quadruples the kinetic energy.
运动物体的动能 (Eₖ) 取决于质量和速度：Eₖ = ½ m v²。 速度翻倍，动能变为原来的四倍。
Eₖ = ½ m v²
avitational potential energy (Eₚ) stored in an object raised to a height h is: Eₚ = m g h. This energy is transferred to kinetic energy if the object falls.
升高到高度 h 的物体储存的重力势能 (Eₚ) 为：Eₚ = m g h。 物体下落时，这部分能量转化为动能。
Eₚ = m g h
potential energy (Eₑ) stored in a stretched spring: Eₑ = ½ k e², where e is the extension. This is the area under the force-extension graph up to the limit of proportionality.
拉伸弹簧中储存的弹性势能 (Eₑ)：Eₑ = ½ k e²，其中 e 为伸长量。 这是在弹性限度内力-伸长图曲线下的面积。
Eₑ = ½ k e²
Power (P) is the rate of energy transfer or work done: P = E / t or P = W / t. The unit is watt (W), equivalent to J/s. A more powerful appliance transfers more energy each second.
功率 (P) 是能量转移或做功的快慢：P = E / t 或 P = W / t。 单位是瓦特 (W)，相当于 J/s。功率越大的用电器每秒转移的能量越多。
P = E / t
Efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy (or power) to total input energy (or power). (total input). It can be expressed as a decimal or a percentage; no device can exceed 100 %.
效率是有用输出能量（或功率）与总输入能量（或功率）之比。 效率 = 有用输出 / 总输入。可用小数或百分数表示；任何装置的效率都不可能超过 100 %。
Efficiency = Useful output energy / Total input energy
4. Electricity | 电学
Charge (Q) transferred in a circuit is the product of current (I) and time (t): Q = I t. Charge is measured in coulombs (C), current in amperes (A), time in seconds (s).
电路中传输的电荷量 (Q) 等于电流 (I) 乘以时间 (t)：Q = I t。 电荷单位为库仑 (C)，电流单位为安培 (A)，时间单位为秒 (s)。
Q = I t
Ohm’s law links potential difference (V), current (I) and resistance (R): V = I R. Potential difference is measured in volts (V) and resistance in ohms (Ω). For a given resistor, current is directly proportional to voltage at constant temperature.
欧姆定律将电压 (V)、电流 (I) 和电阻 (R) 联系起来：V = I R。 电压单位为伏特 (V)，电阻单位为欧姆 (Ω)。对于给定电阻器，在温度恒定时电流与电压成正比。
V = I R
lectrical power (P) can be calculated using P = I V or, combined with Ohm’s law, P = I² R. Power in watts equals the energy transferred per second in a component.
电功率 (P) 可用 P = I V 计算，结合欧姆定律可得 P = I² R。 以瓦特为单位的功率等于元件每秒钟转化的能量。
P = I V
P = I² R
Energy transferred (E) by an electrical component is: E = Q V, or E = P t. This links the charge moving through a potential difference to the energy delivered.
电器元件转化的能量 (E) 为：E = Q V，或 E = P t。 它将通过电势差的电荷量与所输送的能量联系起来。
E = Q V
E = P t
es circuits, the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances: Rₜₒₜₐₗ = R₁ + R₂ + … The current is the same everywhere, while the supply voltage is shared across components.
在串联电路中，总电阻等于各电阻之和：Rₜₒₜₐₗ = R₁ + R₂ + … 各处电流相同，电源电压在元件之间分配。
In parallel circuits, the total resistance is less than the smallest individual resistance because there are multiple paths for current. The voltage across each branch is the same, and the total current is the sum of the branch currents.
在并联电路中，总电阻小于最小的支路电阻，因为电流有多条路径。 各支路两端电压相同，总电流等于各支路电流之和。
5. Mains Electricity & Transformers | 市电与变压器
For an ideal transformer (Physics only), the ratio of the voltages across the primary and secondary coils equals the ratio of the numbers of turns on the coils. Vₚ / Vₛ = nₚ / nₛ. The subscript 'p' denotes primary, 's' denotes secondary.
对于理想变压器（仅物理课程），初级线圈与次级线圈两端的电压之比等于两线圈的匝数之比。 Vₚ / Vₛ = nₚ / nₛ。下标 'p' 代表初级，'s' 代表次级。
Vₚ / Vₛ = nₚ / nₛ
If the transformer is 100 % efficient, the input power equals the output power: Vₚ Iₚ = Vₛ Iₛ. This relationship explains why, when voltage is stepped up, current is stepped down, and vice versa.
如果变压器效率为 100%，则输入功率等于输出功率：Vₚ Iₚ = Vₛ Iₛ。 这个关系解释了为什么电压升高时电流减小，反之亦然。
Vₚ Iₚ = Vₛ Iₛ
In the UK, mains electricity is supplied at 230 V, 50 Hz alternating current. The live wire alternates between positive and negative potential, while the neutral wire remains close to earth potential.
英国的市电为 230 V、50 Hz 的交流电。 火线在正负电势间交替变化，零线则保持接近大地电势。
6. Particle Model of Matter | 物质粒子模型
Density (ρ) is mass (m) per unit volume (V): ρ = m / V. Units are kg/m³ or g/cm³. The density of a substance determines whether it floats or sinks in a fluid.
密度 (ρ) 是单位体积的质量：ρ = m / V。 单位是 kg/m³ 或 g/cm³。物质的密度决定了它在流体中会上浮还是下沉。
ρ = m / V
ance depends on mass, specific heat capacity (c) and temperature change (Δθ): ΔE = m c Δθ. Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise 1 kg of a material by 1 °C.
改变物体温度所需的能量取决于质量、比热容 (c) 和温度变化 (Δθ)：ΔE = m c Δθ。 比热容是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量。
ΔE = m c Δθ
nge of state, the energy required is mass multiplied by specific latent heat (L): E = m L. Specific latent heat of fusion is for melting/freezing; specific latent heat of vaporisation is for boiling/condensing. Temperature stays constant during a state change.
物态变化所需的能量等于质量乘以比潜热 (L)：E = m L。 熔化/凝固对应比熔解热，汽化/液化对应比汽化热。物态变化期间温度保持不变。
E = m L
The pressure of a gas at constant volume increases with temperature because the particles move faster and hit the walls more frequently and with greater force. Qualitatively, for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume, pressure is proportional to temperature in kelvin.
在体积不变时，气体压强随温度升高而增大，这是因为粒子运动加快，更频繁、更有力地撞击容器壁。 定性地说，对于一定质量、体积不变的气体，压强与开尔文温度成正比。
7. Atomic Structure & Radioactivity | 原子结构与放射性
The activity (A) of a radioactive source is the number of decays per second. 1 Bq = 1 decay per second. Count rate recorded by a detector is proportional to activity.
放射源的活度 (A) 是每秒衰变的次数。 活度单位是贝可勒尔 (Bq)，1 Bq = 每秒 1 次衰变。探测器记录的计数率与活度成正比。
A ≈ count rate
Half-life is the time taken for the activity (or number of radioactive nuclei) to halve. It is a constant for a particular isotope and can be found from a decay graph. After n half-lives, the fraction remaining is (½)ⁿ.
半衰期是活度（或放射性原子核数目）减半所需的时间。 对于特定同位素，半衰期是常数，可从衰变曲线图求得。经过 n 个半衰期后，剩余比例为 (½)ⁿ。
Nuclear equations show the changes in atomic and mass numbers during alpha or beta decay. In alpha decay, mass number decreases by 4 and atomic number by 2. In beta minus decay, a neutron turns into a proton, so atomic number increases by 1 while mass number stays the same.
核方程表示 α 衰变或 β 衰变过程中质量数和原子序数的变化。 α 衰变中，质量数减少 4，原子序数减少 2。β⁻ 衰变中，一个中子变成质子，原子序数增加 1，质量数不变。
8. Waves | 波
The wave speed (v) is the product of frequency (f) and wavelength (λ): v = f λ. Frequency is in hertz (Hz), wavelength in metres (m), speed in m/s. This applies to all types of waves, including sound and light.
波速 (v) 等于频率 (f) 与波长 (λ) 的乘积：v = f λ。 频率以赫兹 (Hz) 为单位，波长以米 (m) 为单位，波速以 m/s 为单位。这适用于所有类型的波，包括声波和光波。
v = f λ
ve is the time for one complete oscillation and is the reciprocal of frequency: T = 1 / f. Period is measured in seconds (s).
波的周期 (T) 是完成一次完整振动所需的时间，是频率的倒数：T = 1 / f。 周期以秒 (s) 为单位。
T = 1 / f
At a boundary, waves can be reflected, refracted or absorbed. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, measured from the normal.
在界面处，波可以被反射、折射或吸收。 反射定律指出：入射角等于反射角，均从法线测量。
Refraction occurs because waves change speed when they enter a different medium, causing a change in direction unless they hit the boundary along the normal. For light, when it enters a denser medium, it slows down and bends towards the normal.
折射的发生是因为波进入不同介质时速度发生改变，从而导致方向改变（除非波沿着法线入射）。 对于光，当进入光密介质时速度变慢，光线偏向法线。
9. Magnetism & Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
The motor effect describes the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. n the field: F = B I L (Physics only). The direction is given by Fleming’s left-hand rule.
电机效应描述磁场中载流导体所受的力。 力 (F) 的大小取决于磁通密度 (B)、电流 (I) 与在磁场中的导体长度 (L)：F = B I L（仅物理课程）。方向由弗莱明左手定则确定。
F = B I L
An electromagnet is a solenoid (coil of wire) with an iron core; its magnetic field is strong and can be switched on and off. The strength can be increased by increasing the current, adding more turns to the coil, or using a soft iron core.
电磁铁是带铁芯的螺线管（线圈），其磁场强且可以通断。 增强磁场的方法有：增大电流、增加线圈匝数或使用软铁芯。
The generator effect (electromagnetic induction) produces a potential difference when a conductor moves relative to a magnetic field or when a magnetic field changes around a conductor. This is the principle behind alternators and dynamos.
发电机效应（电磁感应）会在导体与磁场发生相对运动或导体周围的磁场发生变化时产生电动势。 这是交流发电机和直流发电机的基本原理。
Transformers use the generator effect to change the size of an alternating voltage. They consist of two coils wound on the same iron core; an alternating current in the primary coil produces a changing magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary coil. Published by TutorHao | Year 11 Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图