← 返回资讯屏轩教育 · 行业资讯

Year 10 Eduqas German: Formula & Rule Quick Reference Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 德语:公式定理速查手册

2026-07-20 09:40 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 10 Eduqas German: Formula & Rule Quick Reference Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 德语:公式定理速查手册

Welcome to your ultimate grammar cheat sheet for Year 10 Eduqas German. Think of these rules as 'formulas' and 'theorems' – once you apply them correctly, your sentences will always fall into place. This guide covers everything from verb conjugation patterns to case endings and word order, organised so you can find exactly what you need in seconds.

欢迎查阅专为 Year 10 Eduqas 德语准备的终极语法速查手册。把这些规则想象成“公式”和“定理”——只要正确运用它们,你的句子就能永远摆对位置。本指南涵盖动词变位规律、格词尾变化以及语序规则,并按结构编排,让你能在几秒内找到所需内容。


1. Present Tense Regular Verbs: The Conjugation Formula | 现在时规则动词:变位公式

English: To conjugate a regular German verb in the present tense, take the stem (infinitive minus -en or -n) and add the following personal endings. This formula works for the vast majority of verbs and is the first 'rule' you should memorise.

中文:要变位一个德语规则动词的现在时,先找出词干(不定式去掉 -en 或 -n),然后加上下列人称词尾。这个公式适用于绝大多数动词,是你应记住的第一条“规则”。

ich: stem + e | du: stem + st | er/sie/es: stem + t | wir: stem + en | ihr: stem + t | sie/Sie: stem + en

: machen (to do/make) → ich mache, du machst, er macht, wir machen, ihr macht, sie machen.

例如:machen(做)→ ich mache, du machst, er macht, wir machen, ihr macht, sie machen。


2. Irregular Pillars: haben, sein, werden | 不规则基石:haben、sein、werden

English: Three verbs are so fundamental they act as 'axioms' in your German system. Their present tense forms do not follow the regular pattern and must be learned by heart, but you can use this table as your quick-reference card.

中文:有三个动词构成了德语体系的“公理”,极其基础。它们的现在时形式不遵循规则变化,必须牢牢记住,但你可以将下表用作速查卡片。

Person haben (to have) sein (to be) werden (to become)
ichhabebinwerde
duhastbistwirst
er/sie/eshatistwird
wirhabensindwerden
ihrhabtseidwerdet
sie/Siehabensindwerden

3. The Case Formula: Nominative, Accusative, Dative | 格公式:主格、宾格、与格

nominative = subject, accusative = direct object, dative = indirect object. The following 'theorem' summarises the article shifts.

中文:格告诉你名词或代词在句中的功能。Eduqas 十年级重点学习三个格。把它们想成功能标签:主格 = 主语,宾格 = 直接宾语,与格 = 间接宾语。下面的“定理”总结了冠词的变化。

Masculine: der → den → dem | Feminine: die → die → der | Neuter: das → das → dem | Plural: die → die → den (+ -n on noun)

English: The masculine article follows the pattern 'der, den, dem' as you move from nominative to accusative to dative. The neuter is identical to the masculine except in the accusative, where it remains 'das'. Feminine and plural look similar, but dative plural adds an -n to the noun (e.g. den Kindern).

中文:阳性冠词从主格到宾格再到与格遵循“der, den, dem”的模式。中性除了宾格仍为“das”外,与阳性相同。阴性和复数冠词看起来相似,但与格复数需在名词后加 -n(例如 den Kindern)。


4. Article & Adjective Ending Synergy | 冠词与形容词词尾协同

English: Adjective endings depend on whether a definite article (der/die/das), indefinite article (ein/eine), or no article stands before the noun. Use these 'flowcharts' to pick the right ending.

中文:形容词词尾取决于名词前是定冠词(der/die/das)、不定冠词(ein/eine)还是零冠词。使用下面的“流程图”来选择正确词尾。

After definite articles (the strong signal rule):

Nominative: -e (masc, fem, neut), -en (pl) | Accusative: -en (masc), -e (fem, neut), -en (pl) | Dative: -en (all genders, pl)

Example: der alte Mann, die alte Frau, das alte Haus, die alten Häuser.

例如:der alte Mann, die alte Frau, das alte Haus, die alten Häuser。

After indefinite articles (ein/kein/mein etc.): The ending must show gender where the article does not. So masculine nominative gets -er, neuter nominative/accusative gets -es, and so on. Remember, mixed inflection follows the rule: if the article has no ending, the adjective takes the definite article ending.

不定冠词后(ein/kein/mein等):词尾必须体现性别,因为冠词本身没有明显性别标记。因此阳性主格形容词加 -er,中性主格/宾格加 -es,依此类推。记住混合变化遵循:如果冠词没有词尾,形容词就采用定冠词词尾。


5. Word Order Theorem 1: Verb Second Principle | 语序定理一:动词第二顺位

English: In a main clause, the conjugated verb must be the second idea (not necessarily the second word). The first position can be the subject, a time expression, an adverb, or even an object. Everything else slides around the verb bracket.

中文:在主句中,变位动词必须是第二个成分(而不一定是第二个单词)。第一位可以是主语、时间状语、副词甚至宾语。其他成分围绕动词框架移动。

Position 1 | Verb | Position 3... (Subject often follows verb if P1 is not the subject)

Example: Morgen gehe ich ins Kino. (Tomorrow I go to the cinema.) Here 'Morgen' is P1, 'gehe' is P2, and the subject 'ich' follows the verb.

例如:Morgen gehe ich ins Kino.(明天我去电影院。)这里“Morgen”是第一位,“gehe”是第二位,主语“ich”跟在了动词后面。


6. Word Order Theorem 2: Subordinating Conjunctions & Verb-Final | 语序定理二:从属连词与动词置末

English: When you use a subordinating conjunction (weil, dass, obwohl, wenn, als, nachdem, damit etc.), the conjugated verb jumps to the very end of the clause. This is one of the most frequently tested 'formulas' in Eduqas exams.

中文:当你使用从属连词时(weil, dass, obwohl, wenn, als, nachdem, damit 等),变位动词要跳到从句的最末尾。这是 Eduqas 考试中最常考查的“公式”之一。

Main clause, + conjunction + subject + ... + rest of clause + conjugated verb.

Example: Ich bleibe zu Hause, weil ich krank bin. (I'm staying home because I am sick.) Note how 'bin' moves to the end.

例如:Ich bleibe zu Hause, weil ich krank bin.(我待在家里,因为我病了。)注意“bin”移到了句末。


广告 / Sponsored

7. Perfect Tense Construction: The Auxiliary + Past Participle Formula | 完成时构成:助动词+过去分词公式

English: The perfect tense is the go-to past tense for spoken German. The formula: conjugated haben or sein (in present tense, position 2) + past participle at the end. Which auxiliary? Use haben for most verbs, and sein for verbs indicating movement from A to B or a change of state (e.g. gehen, fahren, laufen, aufwachen, sterben).

中文:完成时是德语口语中最常用的过去时。公式:变位的 haben 或 sein(现在时,第二位)+ 过去分词置句末。用哪个助动词?大多数动词用 haben,表示位置移动或状态改变的不及物动词用 sein(如 gehen、fahren、laufen、aufwachen、sterben)。

haben/sein (P2) + ... + ge+stem+(e)t / ge+stem+en (or irregular form)

Example: Ich habe gestern Fussball gespielt. Er ist nach Berlin gefahren.

例如:Ich habe gestern Fussball gespielt。Er ist nach Berlin gefahren。


8. Modal Verbs & the Double Infinitive | 情态动词与双不定式

English: Modal verbs (können, müssen, dürfen, sollen, wollen, möchten) are used with a second verb in the infinitive. The formula: modal verb in P2 + infinitive at the end. In the perfect tense, however, modals often form the 'double infinitive' construction.

中文:情态动词(können, müssen, dürfen, sollen, wollen, möchten)与第二个动词原形搭配使用。公式:情态动词在第二位 + 不定式置句末。但在完成时中,情态动词常常构成“双不定式”结构。

Present: Ich kann gut schwimmen. Perfect: Ich habe gut schwimmen können.

When building the perfect tense of a modal verb used with another verb, use haben and push the modal to the end as an infinitive instead of a past participle. This is the 'Ersatzinfinitiv'.

当情态动词与另一个动词连用并构成完成时,使用 haben,情态动词以不定式(而非过去分词)形式置于句末。这就是“替代不定式”。


9. Prepositions as Case Triggers | 介词作为格触发词

English: Prepositions dictate the case of the following noun phrase. Group them into 'formula sets': those always taking accusative, those always taking dative, and two-way prepositions that switch according to motion/location.

中文:介词决定了后续名词短语的格。将它们归为几组“公式集”:永远支配宾格的、永远支配与格的,以及根据运动/静态切换的双向介词。

Accusative Onlydurch, für, gegen, ohne, um, bis, entlang (postposition)
Dative Onlyaus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, gegenüber
Two-Way (Acc/Dat)an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen

Two-way rule: Accusative answers 'wohin?' (motion towards) and Dative answers 'wo?' (static location). Memorise the mnemonic: 'an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen' set to a rhythm.

双向规则:宾格回答“去哪里?”(移动方向),与格回答“在哪里?”(静止位置)。背诵口诀:an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen。

Example: Ich gehe in die Schule (Acc.) vs. Ich bin in der Schule (Dat.).

例如:Ich gehe in die Schule(宾格)对比 Ich bin in der Schule(与格)。


10. Personal Pronouns Across Cases | 各格人称代词速查

English: Pronouns change shape dramatically depending on case. Use this table as your instant reference – treat it like a physics formula sheet.

中文:人称代词根据格的不同变化很大。将此表用作你的即时参考资料——把它当作物理公式表来对待。

Nominativeichduersie (she)eswirihrsie (they)Sie (formal)
AccusativemichdichihnsieesunseuchsieSie
DativemirdirihmihrihmunseuchihnenIhnen

Notice that the formal 'Sie' always mirrors the 'they' form but is capitalised. The dative plural ihnen/Ihnen is very common after prepositions like mit, von, zu.

请注意,尊称“Sie”总是与“他们”形式相同但大写。与格复数 ihnen/Ihnen 经常出现在 mit、von、zu 等介词后面。


11. Question Words & Sentence Patterns | 疑问词与句型

English: Forming questions relies on a simple rule set. Yes/no questions start with the verb in first position. W-questions (information questions) use a question word followed by the verb. Learn this set of question words as your 'inquiry formulas'.

中文:构成疑问句基于一套简单规则。一般疑问句以动词开头。特殊疑问句使用疑问词后跟动词。将下面的疑问词作为你的“询问公式”掌握。

Wer? (Who?), Was? (What?), Wann? (When?), Wo? (Where?), Warum? (Why?), Wie? (How?), Wohin? (Where to?), Woher? (Where from?), Welcher/Welche/Welches? (Which?)

Example: Kommst du mit? (Are you coming with?) Wohin fährst du in den Ferien? (Where are you going on holiday?)

例如:Kommst du mit?(你一起来吗?)Wohin fährst du in den Ferien?(你假期去哪里?)

Welcher/welche/welches must agree with the noun in gender and case, just like dieser (this). Practise: In welcher Stadt wohnst du? Mit welchem Bus fährst du?

Welcher/welche/welches 需与名词的性和格保持一致,就像 dieser(这个)一样。练习:In welcher Stadt wohnst du? Mit welchem Bus fährst du?


12. Possessive Determiners: The Chain of Endings | 物主限定词:词尾链条

English: Possessives (my, your, his, her, etc.) take the same endings as the indefinite article 'ein'. The base forms: mein, dein, sein, ihr, sein, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr. Apply the 'ein-word' rule: where ein has no ending (masculine nominative, neuter nominative/accusative), the possessive also has no ending; elsewhere add the matching case/gender ending.

中文:物主限定词(我的、你的、他的、她的等)采用与不定冠词“ein”相同的词尾变化。基础形式:mein, dein, sein, ihr, sein, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr。运用“ein-词”规则:当 ein 没有词尾(阳性主格、中性主格/宾格)时,物主限定词也不加词尾;其他地方加上相应格/性的词尾。

Mein Vater (no ending, masc nom) vs. Meinen Vater (acc masc) vs. Meinem Vater (dat masc) vs. Meine Mutter (fem nom/acc)

Note that 'euer' drops the middle -e- when endings are added: euer → eure, euren, eurem etc. This avoids awkward pronunciation.

注意“euer”在添加词尾时会丢掉中间的 -e-:euer → eure, euren, eurem 等。这样可以避免拗口的发音。


Published by TutorHao | GCSE German Revision Series | aleveler.com

广告 / Sponsored
剑桥中世纪音乐研究指南 英文原版 The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Music…
音乐 备考教辅 · 正版现货 · 学习备考通用
查看详情 / View on Taobao
广告 / Sponsored
剑桥国际AS Alevel化学实验技能练习册Cambridge International AS A Level Ch…
化学 备考教辅 · 正版现货 · 学习备考通用
查看详情 / View on Taobao

更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)

备考资讯每日更新,关注不错过
考纲变化 · 科目分析 · 学习方法
扫码关注公众号 tutorhao
在微信里长按二维码识别关注
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图
公众号:tutorhao