📚 Year 11 Edexcel Engineering Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Edexcel 工程词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of engineering is the first step towards thinking like an engineer. For Year 11 Edexcel students, understanding key terms is not just about passing an exam; it is about building a solid foundation for all future technical work. This guide breaks down essential vocabulary into themed sections, pairing terms with clear definitions and real-world context. Use it to accelerate memorisation and deepen your grasp of the subject.
掌握工程语言是像工程师一样思考的第一步。对于学习 Edexcel 课程的十一年级学生来说，理解关键术语不仅是为了通过考试，更是为未来所有技术工作打下坚实基础。本指南将核心词汇按主题拆解，为术语配以清晰的定义和实际应用场景。用它来加速记忆，深化你对学科的理解。
1. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其性能
Tensile strength — the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking and fracture. It is critical when selecting materials for cables, bridges, and structural beams. Measured in pascals (Pa) or megapascals (MPa).
抗拉强度 — 材料在被拉伸或牵拉时，在颈缩和断裂前所能承受的最大应力。在选择电缆、桥梁和结构梁材料时至关重要。单位为帕斯卡 (Pa) 或兆帕 (MPa)。
Compressive strength — the capacity of a material to resist forces that attempt to squeeze or crush it. Concrete and ceramics typically have high compressive strength but low tensile strength.
抗压强度 — 材料抵抗试图挤压或压碎它的力的能力。混凝土和陶瓷通常具有高抗压强度但低抗拉强度。
Ductility — a measure of how much a material can be plastically deformed by tensile stress before fracture. Ductile materials like copper and aluminium can be drawn into thin wires without breaking.
延展性 — 衡量材料在拉伸应力下断裂前能发生多少塑性变形的指标。像铜和铝这样的延性材料可以被拉制成细丝而不断裂。
Malleability — the ability of a material to deform under compressive stress, often by hammering or rolling. Gold is one of the most malleable metals, capable of being beaten into extremely thin sheets.
可锻性 — 材料在压缩应力下（常通过锤击或轧制）变形的能力。黄金是最具可锻性的金属之一，能被锤打成极薄的箔片。
Hardness — the resistance of a material to localised plastic deformation, typically by indentation. Common tests include Brinell, Rockwell, and Vickers hardness scales. Hard materials resist scratches and wear.
硬度 — 材料抵抗局部塑性变形（通常由压入引起）的性能。常见的测试有布氏、洛氏和维氏硬度标尺。硬质材料耐刮擦和磨损。
Toughness — the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. A tough material, such as mild steel, can withstand sudden impacts and shocks.
韧性 — 材料在断裂前吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不破坏的能力。韧性材料（如低碳钢）能承受突然的冲击和撞击。
Elasticity — the property of a material to return to its original shape after the load causing deformation is removed. The elastic limit is the maximum stress before permanent set occurs.
弹性 — 材料在引起变形的载荷移除后恢复原始形状的性质。弹性极限是发生永久变形前所能承受的最大应力。
Fatigue — the weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads (cyclic loading). Fatigue failure can occur at stress levels much lower than the material's tensile strength.
疲劳 — 由重复施加的载荷（循环载荷）引起的材料弱化。疲劳失效可能发生在远低于材料抗拉强度的应力水平下。
2. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting — a process in which liquid material is poured into a mould cavity that contains a negative impression of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. Sand casting and die casting are common methods for metals.
铸造 — 将液态材料浇入含有所需形状阴模的型腔中，随后让其凝固的工艺。砂型铸造和压铸是常见的金属铸造方法。
Forging — shaping metal using localised compressive forces, often delivered by a hammer or a die. Forgings can produce tougher components than castings because the grain flow aligns with the product's contours.
锻造 — 使用局部压缩力（常由锤或模具施加）使金属成形的方法。锻件通常比铸件韧性更好，因为晶粒流向与制品轮廓一致。
Welding — a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals, by causing coalescence through melting and often adding a filler material. MIG, TIG, and arc welding are widely used in engineering.
焊接 — 通过熔化和通常添加填充材料使材料（通常是金属）接合在一起的制造工艺。MIG焊、TIG焊和电弧焊在工程中广泛应用。
Brazing — joining metals by melting a filler metal with a melting point above 450 °C, but below the melting point of the base metals. The filler is drawn into the joint by capillary action.
钎焊 — 使用熔点高于450 °C但低于母材熔点的填充金属来连接金属的工艺。填充金属通过毛细作用被吸入接头中。
Machining — a collection of material-removal processes, such as turning, milling, and drilling, performed on a workpiece using cutting tools. CNC (Computer Numerical Control) enables automated, high-precision machining.
机械加工 — 使用切削刀具在工件上进行的一系列材料去除工艺，如车削、铣削和钻削。CNC（计算机数控）实现了自动化、高精度的加工。
Injection moulding — a manufacturing process for producing plastic parts by injecting molten polymer into a mould under high pressure. It is ideal for mass production of complex shapes with fine tolerances.
注塑成型 — 通过高压将熔融聚合物注入模具来生产塑料零件的制造工艺。它非常适合具有精密公差复杂形状的大规模生产。
Extrusion — forcing material through a shaped die to create objects with a fixed cross-sectional profile. Aluminium window frames and PVC pipes are typical extrusion products.
挤压成型 — 迫使材料通过具有特定形状的模具以创建具有固定横截面轮廓的对象。铝窗框和PVC管是典型的挤压产品。
Additive manufacturing (3D printing) — building objects layer by layer from a digital model, using materials like PLA, ABS, or metal powders. It allows rapid prototyping and complex geometries.
增材制造（3D打印） — 从数字模型逐层构建物体，使用PLA、ABS或金属粉末等材料。可实现快速原型制作和复杂几何形状。
3. Mechanical Systems and Motion | 机械系统与运动
Gear ratio — the ratio of the number of teeth on two meshing gears. It determines the relationship between input and output speeds and torques. A ratio greater than 1 reduces speed and increases torque.
齿轮比 — 两个啮合齿轮齿数之比。它决定了输入与输出转速和扭矩之间的关系。比值大于1时减速增扭。
Torque — a measure of the turning force on an object, calculated as force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the pivot. Units are newton-metres (Nm).
扭矩 — 衡量作用在物体上的转动力大小的物理量，计算为力乘以到支点的垂直距离。单位为牛·米 (Nm)。
Mechanical advantage (MA) — the ratio of the output force produced by a mechanism to the input force applied. Levers, pulleys, and gears can provide mechanical advantage to make tasks easier.
机械效益 (MA) — 机构产生的输出力与施加的输入力之比。杠杆、滑轮和齿轮可以提供机械效益，使操作更省力。
Velocity ratio (VR) — the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load in the same time. In an ideal system without friction, VR equals MA.
速度比 (VR) — 在相同时间内，作用力移动的距离与负载移动的距离之比。在无摩擦的理想系统中，VR等于MA。
Efficiency of a mechanical system — the percentage ratio of useful output work to total input energy. It is always less than 100% due to energy losses from friction, heat, and sound.
机械系统效率 — 有用输出功与总输入能的百分比比值。由于摩擦、热量和声音造成的能量损失，效率始终低于100%。
Lever — a rigid bar pivoted around a fulcrum. Class 1 levers have the fulcrum between effort and load (e.g. see-saw); Class 2 levers have load between fulcrum and effort (e.g. wheelbarrow); Class 3 levers have effort between fulcrum and load (e.g. tweezers).
杠杆 — 绕支点转动的刚性杆。一类杠杆支点在力和负载之间（如跷跷板）；二类杠杆负载在支点和力之间（如手推车）；三类杠杆力在支点和负载之间（如镊子）。
Cam and follower — a mechanism where a rotating cam (often an eccentric disc) imparts motion to a follower. It can convert rotary motion into reciprocating or oscillating motion, used in engine valve systems.
凸轮与从动件 — 由旋转凸轮（常为偏心圆盘）将运动传递给从动件的机构。它可将旋转运动转换为往复或摆动运动，用于发动机气门系统。
Linear motion — movement in a straight line. Rotary motion — movement around a fixed axis. Reciprocating motion — back-and-forth linear movement. Oscillating motion — back-and-forth arc movement around a pivot.
直线运动 — 沿直线的运动。旋转运动 — 绕固定轴的运动。往复运动 — 直线的来回运动。摆动 — 绕支点的来回弧线运动。
4. Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals | 电气与电子基础
Potential difference (voltage) — the energy transferred per unit charge as electrons move between two points in a circuit. Measured in volts (V). A higher voltage pushes more current through a given resistance.
电位差（电压） — 电子在电路中两点间移动时每单位电荷转移的能量。单位为伏特 (V)。在给定电阻下，电压越高，推动的电流越大。
Current — the rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a metallic conductor, current is the movement of free electrons. Conventional current flows from positive to negative.
电流 — 电荷流动的速率，单位为安培 (A)。在金属导体中，电流是自由电子的运动。传统电流方向为正到负。
Resistance — the opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω). Resistance depends on material resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. It causes electrical energy to dissipate as heat.
电阻 — 对电流流动的阻碍作用，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。电阻取决于材料的电阻率、长度和横截面积。它使电能以热能形式耗散。
Ohm's Law — the fundamental relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a linear circuit:
V = I × R
欧姆定律 — 线性电路中电压、电流和电阻之间的基本关系：V = I × R。
Series and parallel circuits — in a series circuit, current is the same through all components and the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances. In a parallel circuit, voltage is the same across all branches and the total resistance decreases as more branches are added.
串联与并联电路 — 串联电路中电流处处相等，总电阻等于各电阻之和。并联电路中各支路两端电压相等，总电阻随支路增加而减小。
Resistor — a passive component that provides a specific resistance to control current. Colour-coded bands indicate its value. Variable resistors (potentiometers) allow resistance to be manually adjusted.
电阻器 — 提供特定电阻值以控制电流的无源元件。色环标示其阻值。可变电阻器（电位器）允许手动调节电阻。
Diode — a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in only one direction. LEDs (light-emitting diodes) emit light when forward-biased. A rectifier diode converts AC to DC.
二极管 — 只允许电流单向流动的半导体器件。LED（发光二极管）正向偏置时发光。整流二极管将交流电转换为直流电。
Transistor — a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. NPN and PNP bipolar junction transistors are common. They can act as an electronic switch or current amplifier.
晶体管 — 用于放大或开关电子信号的半导体器件。常见的NPN和PNP型双极结型晶体管可用作电子开关或电流放大器。
Sensor inputs — an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) decreases resistance as light intensity increases. A thermistor changes resistance with temperature; NTC thermistors (Negative Temperature Coefficient) decrease resistance as temperature rises.
传感器输入 — LDR（光敏电阻）随光照强度增加而电阻减小。热敏电阻的电阻随温度变化；NTC热敏电阻（负温度系数）随温度升高电阻减小。
5. Engineering Drawing and Standards | 工程制图与标准
Orthographic projection — a method of representing a 3D object using two-dimensional views: front, top, and side. These views are arranged according to either first-angle or third-angle projection standards.
正投影 — 使用二维视图（前视图、顶视图和侧视图）表示三维物体的方法。这些视图根据第一角投影或第三角投影标准排列。
Isometric drawing — a 3D pictorial drawing where the three principal axes are equally inclined to the viewing plane. Parallel lines remain parallel, and circles appear as ellipses. It helps visualise the overall shape.
等轴测图 — 一种三维示意图，其三个主轴与观察平面成相同倾角。平行线保持平行，圆显示为椭圆。有助于可视化整体形状。
Dimensioning — adding numerical values and extension lines to a drawing to define size and location. All dimensions must be clear, accurate, and placed on the most informative view. Linear dimensions are in millimetres unless stated otherwise.
尺寸标注 — 在图纸上添加数值和延伸线以定义大小和位置。所有尺寸必须清晰、准确，并放置在信息最丰富的视图上。除特别说明外，线性尺寸以毫米为单位。
Tolerance — mm means the acceptable range is 24.9 mm to 25.1 mm. Tolerances ensure parts fit together correctly.
公差 — 物理尺寸允许的变动范围。例如，标注为25 ± 0.1 mm的轴径意味着可接受范围为24.9 mm至25.1 mm。公差确保零件正确装配。
Section view — a drawing that shows the interior detail of an object by imagining that part of the component has been cut away. Hatching (cross-hatching) indicates the surfaces that have been sectioned.
剖视图 — 通过想象将零件的一部分剖切掉来显示物体内部细节的图纸。剖面线（交叉影线）指示被剖切的表面。
Exploded view — a diagram showing the individual components of an assembly slightly separated in the order of disassembly. It clarifies how parts relate and fit together, often used in manuals.
爆炸图 — 一种将装配体各部件按拆卸顺序稍微分离展示的图示。清晰说明零件之间的关系和装配方式，常用于手册。
BS 8888 — the British standard for engineering drawing and technical product specification. It defines conventions for lines, symbols, tolerancing, and drawing layout, ensuring uniformity across industry.
BS 8888 — 工程制图和技术产品规范的英国标准。它定义了线条、符号、公差和图纸布局的惯例，确保行业一致性。
6. Health and Safety in Engineering | 工程健康与安全
Risk assessment — a systematic process of evaluating what could cause harm to people in the workplace, so that precautions can be taken. It involves identifying hazards, evaluating risks, and implementing control measures.
风险评估 — 评估工作场所可能对人员造成伤害的因素的系统过程，以便采取预防措施。包括识别危险、评估风险并实施控制措施。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) — equipment worn to minimise exposure to hazards. Includes safety goggles, hard hats, gloves, steel-toe boots, ear defenders, and respirators. PPE is the last line of defence after engineering controls.
PPE（个人防护装备） — 用于减少危险暴露的穿戴装备。包括护目镜、安全帽、手套、安全鞋、耳罩和呼吸器。PPE是工程控制之后的最后一道防线。
COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) — regulations requiring employers to control substances that can harm workers' health, such as chemicals, fumes, dust, and biological agents. Safety data sheets (SDS) provide essential information.
COSHH（有害健康物质控制） — 要求雇主控制可能损害工人健康的物质（如化学品、烟雾、粉尘和生物制剂）的法规。安全数据表（SDS）提供基本信息。
PUWER (Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations) — ensures that equipment is suitable for its intended use, maintained in a safe condition, and inspected regularly. Users must receive adequate information and training.
PUWER（工作设备提供与使用条例） — 确保设备适合其预期用途，保持安全状态并定期检查。使用者必须接受充分的信息和培训。
Manual handling — any transporting or supporting of a load by hand or bodily force. Correct technique (straight back, bent knees, load close to body) helps prevent musculoskeletal injuries.
人工搬运 — 任何用手或体力进行负载的运输或支撑。正确的技巧（背部挺直、屈膝、负载靠近身体）有助于预防肌肉骨骼损伤。
Fire safety signage — red signs indicate prohibition and firefighting equipment; yellow/amber signs warn of hazards; blue signs mandate an action (e.g. wear hard hat); green signs identify safe conditions and exits.
消防安全标志 — 红色标志表示禁止和消防设备；黄色/琥珀色警告危险；蓝色强制行动（如戴安全帽）；绿色标识安全条件与出口。
7. Quality Control and Testing | 质量控制与测试
Non-destructive testing (NDT) — inspection methods that do not damage the test piece. Ultrasonic testing uses high-frequency sound waves to detect internal flaws. Radiography uses X-rays or gamma rays to create an image of internal structure.
无损检测 (NDT) — 不损坏试件的检验方法。超声波检测利用高频声波检测内部缺陷。射线照相术利用X射线或伽马射线生成内部结构图像。
Dye penetrant inspection — a low-cost NDT method for finding surface-breaking cracks. A visible or fluorescent dye is applied, penetrates into cracks, and after cleaning, a developer draws out the dye to highlight defects.
渗透探伤 — 一种低成本的无损检测方法，用于查找表面开口裂纹。施加可见或荧光染料使其渗入裂纹，清洁后显像剂将染料吸出以显示缺陷。
Magnetic particle inspection — used to detect surface and near-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. A magnetic field is applied, and iron particles cluster at leakage fields caused by cracks or flaws.
磁粉探伤 — 用于检测铁磁性材料的表面和近表面不连续性。施加磁场后，铁粉聚集在裂纹或缺陷引起的漏磁场处。
Tensile testing — a destructive test where a specimen is pulled until fracture to determine tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. A stress-strain graph is produced, from which Young's modulus can be calculated.
拉伸试验 — 一种破坏性试验，将试样拉伸直至断裂，以确定抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率。生成应力-应变图，可据此计算杨氏模量。
Impact testing (Charpy/Izod) — measures the energy absorbed by a notched specimen when fractured by a single blow from a pendulum. It indicates a material's toughness and notch sensitivity, especially at low temperatures.
冲击试验（夏比/伊佐德） — 测量带缺口试样在摆锤一次击打下断裂所吸收的能量。反映材料的韧性和缺口敏感性，尤其在低温下。
Hardness testing — Brinell test uses a hardened steel or carbide ball; Rockwell measures depth of penetration under a preliminary and major load; Vickers uses a diamond pyramid indenter. Hardness numbers are useful for comparing material wear resistance.
硬度试验 — 布氏试验使用硬钢或碳化钨球；洛氏试验在初试验力与主试验力下测量压入深度；维氏试验使用金刚石正棱锥压头。硬度值有助于比较材料耐磨性。
8. Sustainability and Environmental Impact | 可持续性与环境影响
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) — a technique to evaluate environmental impacts associated with all stages of a product's life, from raw material extraction through manufacturing, use, and disposal. It informs sustainable design choices.
生命周期评估 (LCA) — 评估产品从原材料获取、制造、使用到废弃各阶段相关环境影响的技术。为可持续设计选择提供依据。
Carbon footprint — the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organisation, product, or process, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e). Reducing the carbon footprint involves using renewable energy and efficient processes.
碳足迹 — 个人、组织、产品或工艺直接或间接造成的温室气体排放总量，以二氧化碳当量 (CO₂e) 表示。减少碳足迹涉及使用可再生能源和高效流程。
Renewable vs non-renewable — renewable resources (solar, wind, biomass) are replenished naturally on a human timescale. Non-renewable resources (fossil fuels, minerals) exist in finite quantities and cannot be replaced quickly.
可再生与不可再生 — 可再生资源（太阳能、风能、生物质）在人类时间尺度上自然补充。不可再生资源（化石燃料、矿物）数量有限，无法快速恢复。
Recycling, downcycling, upcycling — recycling converts waste into new materials without significant loss of quality. Downcycling produces materials of lower quality or functionality. Upcycling creatively transforms waste into products of higher value.
回收、降级回收、升级回收 — 回收将废物转化为质量不显著下降的新材料。降级回收产出的材料质量或功能较低。升级回收创造性地将废物转化为更高价值的产品。
Energy efficiency — using less energy to perform the same task or produce the same output. In manufacturing, efficient motors, LED lighting, and heat recovery systems reduce energy consumption and operational costs.
能效 — 使用更少的能量来执行相同任务或生产相同产出。在制造业中，高效电机、LED照明和热回收系统可降低能耗和运营成本。
Cradle-to-grave — a product system approach that considers environmental impacts from the extraction of raw materials (cradle) to the final disposal of the product (grave). Cradle-to-cradle extends the concept to fully circular systems where waste becomes a resource.
摇篮到坟墓 — 一种产品系统方法，考虑从原材料获取（摇篮）到产品最终处置（坟墓）的环境影响。摇篮到摇篮将概念扩展至完全循环系统，使废物成为资源。
9. Mathematical and Formula Terminology | 数学与公式术语
Density (ρ) — mass per unit volume. The formula is:
ρ = m / V
密度 (ρ) — 单位体积的质量。公式：ρ = m / V，m为质量，V为体积。
Stress (σ) — internal force per unit area within a material. It is calculated as:
σ = F / A
应力 (σ) — 材料内部单位面积上的内力。计算为：σ = F / A，F为力，A
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