📚 Year 11 Edexcel PE: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | 爱德思Year 11体育：关键术语速记指南
Welcome to your ultimate quick-reference guide for the vocabulary that frequently appears across the Edexcel GCSE PE specification. Whether you are revising applied anatomy, training methods or sport psychology, remembering the correct term in the exam can make the difference between a pass and a top grade. This article breaks the most important words into manageable chunks, gives you simple definitions and supplies memorisation tips - acronyms, rhymes, visual links - to help them stick.
欢迎阅读这份专为爱德思GCSE体育考试准备的词汇速记指南。无论你正在复习应用解剖学、训练方法还是运动心理学，在考试中准确使用术语往往是获得高分的关键。本文把最重要的词汇分成易于消化的小节，提供简洁定义和实用的记忆技巧——首字母口诀、谐音联想、图像联系——让这些术语牢牢记在脑中。
1. Skeletal System Keywords | 骨骼系统关键术语
The skeleton is your body's framework. You must know the names of major bones and the types of freely movable (synovial) joints. A classic memory trick for the bones of the arm is 'Humorous Raccoons Use Rad Ulna' - humorous recalls humerus, raccoon for radius, rad ulna for radius and ulna. For the leg, think 'Femur Patella Touched Tiny Fibula' to sequence femur, patella, tibia and fibula. Joints can be remembered by the movement they allow: hinge (elbow, knee) acts like a door hinge, moving only in one plane; ball and socket (shoulder, hip) lets you swing your arm in a circle.
骨架是人体的框架。你需要记住主要的骨骼名称和滑膜关节的类型。一个经典的手臂骨骼记忆口诀是“幽默的浣熊使用拉德尺骨”（Humorous Raccoons Use Rad Ulna）——humorous 提示肱骨（humerus），raccoon 对应桡骨（radius），rad ulna 关联桡骨和尺骨。下肢骨骼可按“股骨髌骨触碰小小腓骨”（Femur Patella Touched Tiny Fibula）的顺序记忆。关节可由其允许的运动来记忆：铰链关节（肘、膝）像门合页，只在一个平面运动；球窝关节（肩、髋）允许手臂绕圈挥动。
- Cranium: skull / 颅骨
- Clavicle: collarbone / 锁骨
- Scapula: shoulder blade / 肩胛骨
- Sternum: breastbone / 胸骨
- Pelvis: hip bone / 骨盆
Think 'Cats Sleep Soundly, Pouncing Perfectly' for Cranium, Scapula, Sternum, Pelvis, Patella.
记住“Cats Sleep Soundly, Pouncing Perfectly”可以帮助记忆颅骨、肩胛骨、胸骨、骨盆和髌骨。
2. Muscular System & Movements | 肌肉系统与运动术语
pairs. When the biceps contracts to bend the arm, the triceps relaxes. Deliberate the word 'ANT' - Agonist is the muscle that contracts (the 'ant' pushing hard), while the ANtagonist relaxes (the 'anti' ovement terms describe exactly what happens at a joint. Flexion decreases the angle (think 'flexing your muscles' y bending); extension increases it. Abduction takes a limb away from the midline (abduct = 'take away'), adduction brings it back (add to the body).
随意肌通过肌腱附着在骨骼上，成对拮抗工作。当肱二头肌收缩弯曲手臂时，肱三头肌放松。巧记“ANT”：主动肌（Agonist）是收缩的那块肌肉（蚂蚁在用力推），拮抗肌（Antagonist）则放松（anti 意为相反）。运动术语精确描述了关节处的动作。屈曲（flexion）减小角度；伸展（extension）增大角度。外展（abduction）把肢体带离身体中线（abduct 即“带走”），内收（adduction）将其拉回（add 意为添加）。
Key muscles: deltoids (shoulder cap), pectorals (chest), latissimus dorsi (lats, back), abdominals (abs), quadriceps (front thigh), hamstrings (back thigh), gastrocnemius (calf). To remember the quadriceps group, 'Rich Villains Love Money' - Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis.
重点肌肉：三角肌、胸大肌、背阔肌、腹肌、股四头肌、腘绳肌、腓肠肌。记忆股四头肌四块肌肉的首字母口诀：“Rich Villains Love Money” 对应股直肌、股外侧肌、股中间肌、股内侧肌。
3. Cardiovascular System Essentials | 心血管系统核心术语
ardiac output (Q) = SV × HR. Memorise the formula by thinking of a Q-shaped pump squeezing out Stroke Volume multiplied by Heart Rate. During exercise, vasodilation widens blood vessels to working muscles (di = expand, like dilate), while vasoconstriction narrows them to non-essential areas (con = constrict).
心脏泵出携氧和营养物质的血液。每搏输出量（SV）是每搏泵出的血量；心率（HR）是每分钟搏动次数；心输出量（Q）= SV × HR。想象一个Q形泵挤出的每搏输出量乘以心率来记忆这个公式。运动时，血管舒张（vasodilation）将工作肌肉的血管加宽，血管收缩（vasoconstriction）则收窄非必需区域的血管。
| Term / 术语 | Definition / 定义 | Memory Tip / 记忆法 |
| Heart Rate / 心率 | Beats per minute / 每分钟搏动次数 | H.R. = 'heart racing' |
| Stroke Volume / 每搏输出量 | ml per beat / 每搏毫升数 | S.V. = 'squirt volume' |
| Cardiac Output / 心输出量 | Q = SV × HR / 每搏量×心率 | Q is the total cardiac output |
| Vasodilation / 血管舒张 | Blood vessels widen / 血管加宽 | Di = dilate, expand |
| Vasoconstriction / 血管收缩 | Blood vessels narrow / 血管收窄 | Con = constrict, shrink |
4. Respiratory System & Breathing | 呼吸系统与呼吸术语
in and out of your lungs. Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air you can forcibly exhale after a maximum inhale. Minute ventilation is the total air moved in and out per minute: VE (L/min) = tidal volume × breathing rate. Gaseous exchange happens in the alveoli, where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Think 'Alveoli are tiny air sacs that are All-ways exchanging'.
肺吸入氧气并排出二氧化碳。潮气量是一次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量，把它想象成潮水涌入和退出肺部。肺活量是最大吸气后能用力呼出的最大气量。每分通气量是每分钟进出肺的总空气量：VE（升/分）= 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。气体交换发生在肺泡，氧气扩散入血，二氧化碳扩散出。记住“肺泡 tiny air sacs 一直在 All-ways exchanging”。
Minute Ventilation (VE) = Tidal Volume × Breathing Rate
e, Key link: during exercise, tidal volume and breathing rate increase, so minute ventilation rises sharply. Remember 'TV × BR = Very Exciting' (VE).
运动时潮气量和呼吸频率都增加，每分通气量急剧上升。可用“TV × BR = Very Exciting (VE)”来记忆。
5. Energy Systems & Exercise | 能量系统与运动
Your muscles need adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to contract. Three energy systems supply ATP depending on intensity and duration. The ATP‑PC (phosphocreatine) system provides explosive energy for up to 10 seconds - think 'All‑out Power‑10 seconds'. The lactic acid system (anaerobic glycolysis) kicks in for high‑intensity efforts lasting up to 90 seconds, producing lactic acid and the burning sensation. The aerobic system uses oxygen to fuel longer, lower‑intensity exercise. Use the acronym 'ALP': ATP‑PC (Alactic), Lactic, Aerobic to recall the sequence. EPOC (excess post‑exercise oxygen consumption) is the extra oxygen needed after exercise to recover - remember 'Extra Puff Of Oxygen Consumed'.
肌肉收缩需要三磷酸腺苷（ATP）。根据强度和持续时间，三个能量系统供应ATP。ATP‑PC（磷酸肌酸）系统提供最多10秒的爆发力——记住“All‑out Power‑10秒”。乳酸系统（无氧糖酵解）用于持续长达90秒的高强度运动，产生乳酸和灼烧感。有氧系统用氧气支持时间更长、强度较低的运动。使用首字母“ALP”回忆顺序：ATP‑PC（Alactic）、乳酸、有氧。EPOC（运动后过量氧耗）是恢复所需的额外氧气——记作“Extra Puff Of Oxygen Consumed”。
| System / 系统 | Duration / 持续时间 | Example / 示例 |
| ATP‑PC / 磷酸原系统 | 0–10 s | Long jump, 100m sprint |
| Lactic Acid / 乳酸系统 | 30–90 s | 400m run, swimming sprint |
| Aerobic / 有氧系统 | >2 min | Marathon, cycling |
6. Movement Analysis: Levers & Planes | 运动分析：杠杆、平面与轴
Levers help us generate force and speed. In a first‑ m is in the middle (e.g., neck nodding, fulcrum = joint between skull and spine). A second‑ in the middle (calf raises: fulcrum = toes, load = body weight, effort from gastrocnemius) – think 'Second class = standing on tiptoes, Load in the middle'. A third‑ = elbow, load = hand, effort = biceps insertion). Most body levers are third class. Recall '1‑F‑L‑E, 2‑L‑F‑E, 3‑F‑E‑L' for the middle component.
杠杆帮助我们产生力和速度。第一类杠杆支点在中间（如颈部点头，支点是颅骨和脊柱间的关节）。第二类杠杆阻力在中间（如提踵：支点在脚趾，阻力是体重，动力来自腓肠肌）——记住“第二类＝踮脚尖，Load在中间”。第三类杠杆动力在中间（如肱二头肌弯举：支点在肘，阻力在手，动力在肱二头肌附着点）。人体大部分杠杆属于第三类。用“1‑支‑阻‑动，2‑阻‑支‑动，3‑支‑动‑阻”记忆中间部件。
Planes and axes are crucial for movement analysis. A sagittal plane runs front to back, paired with a frontal axis – a forward roll or running. A frontal plane divides body front and back, paired with a sagittal axis – a cartwheel. A transverse plane divides top and bottom, paired with a longitudinal axis – a 360° ice‑skating spin. Think 'Saggy pants front‑back, rolling forward; Frontal plane like a front door opening, cartwheel; Transverse plane twist like a hula hoop'.
平面和轴对运动分析至关重要。矢状面从前到后，配合额状轴——前滚翻或跑动。额状面将身体分成前后，配合矢状轴——侧手翻。水平面将身体分成上下，配合垂直轴——360°冰上旋转。联想：“Saggy裤子前后方向对应向前翻滚；额状面像前门打开对应侧手翻；水平面水平扭转像呼啦圈”。
7. Components of Fitness | 体适能要素
Edexcel splits components into health‑related and skill‑related. Health‑ ance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, body composition. Use the phrase 'Can My Muscles Feel Better?' rdiovascular, Muscular endurance, Muscular strength, Flexibility, Body composition). Skill‑related: agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, speed. Memorise 'A Big Cat Powers Right Speed' wer, Reaction time, Speed). Remember that power is strength × speed, not just brute force.
爱德思将体适能要素分为健康相关和技能相关。健康相关：心血管耐力、肌肉耐力、肌肉力量、柔韧性、身体成分。用“Can My Muscles Feel Better?”记忆首字母。技能相关：灵敏性、平衡、协调性、爆发力、反应时、速度。记作“A Big Cat Powers Right Speed”。注意爆发力是力量×速度，而不仅仅是蛮力。
| Health-Related / 健康相关 | Skill-Related / 技能相关 |
| Cardiovascular endurance / 心血管耐力 | Agility / 灵敏性 |
| Muscular endurance / 肌肉耐力 | Balance / 平衡 |
| Muscular strength / 肌肉力量 | Coordination / 协调性 |
| Flexibility / 柔韧性 | Power / 爆发力 |
| Body composition / 身体成分 | Reaction time / 反应时 |
| Speed / 速度 |
8. Training Principles & Methods | 训练原则与方法
oad, Reversibility, Tedium. FITT governs overload: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type. Think 'Sport is FITT' terval training alternates work and rest to improve speed or anaerobic fitness; fartlek is 'speed play' onents; plyometrics involves explosive jumping, bounding, hopping to build power. Remember 'Fartlek = funny Swedish word for speed play'.
训练原则用首字母SPORT记忆最为方便：专项性（Specificity）、渐进性（Progression）、超负荷（Overload）、可逆性（Reversibility）、枯燥性（Tedium）。FITT控制超负荷：频率、强度、时间、类型。联想“Sport is FITT”。持续训练提高有氧耐力（匀速、无休息）；间歇训练通过交替运动和休息提升速度或无氧能力；法特莱克是“速度游戏”，混合快慢跑；循环训练利用站点发展不同体适能要素；增强式训练包括爆发性跳跃、跨步跳、跳深来增强爆发力。记忆“Fartlek 是个有趣的瑞典词，意为速度游戏”。
Warm‑up and cool‑down: a warm‑up raises heart rate, mobilises joints, rehearses movements; a cool‑down gradually reduces intensity and includes stretching to clear lactic acid. 'Warm up to prepare, cool down to repair'.
热身与整理活动：热身提升心率、活动关节、预演动作；整理活动逐渐降低强度，包含拉伸以清除乳酸。“Warm up to prepare, cool down to repair”。
9. Sports Psychology Basics | 运动心理学基础
Understanding motivation and feedback helps explain performance. Intrinsic motivation comes from within (enjoyment, satisfaction); extrinsic comes from outside (trophies, money). Feedback can be intrinsic (what you feel) or extrinsic (from coach or video). Knowledge of performance (KP) is feedback about technique; knowledge of results (KR) tells you the outcome. Visualise the 'P' in KP standing for 'process', and 'R' in KR for 'result'. Arousal links to the Inverted U theory: performance increases with arousal to an optimum, then drops. Think of a bell‑shaped curve.
理解动机和反馈有助于解释运动表现。内在动机源于内心（享受、满足感）；外在动机来自外部（奖杯、金钱）。反馈可以是内在的（自身感觉）或外在的（教练、视频）。表现反馈（KP）是关于技术的反馈；结果反馈（KR）告知结果。想象KP中的P代表“过程（process）”，KR中的R代表“结果（result）”。唤醒度符合倒U型理论：成绩随唤醒度上升至最佳点后下降。想象一个钟形曲线。
Goal setting uses SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Recorded, Timed. Some say 'Setting SMART targets makes progress measurable and motivating'.
目标设定遵循SMART原则：具体、可测量、可达成、可记录、有时限。设定SMART目标让进步变得可衡量且鼓舞人心。
10. Socio-Cultural Influences & Ethics | 社会文化影响与伦理
nship, gamesmanship and deviance. Commercialisation is using sport to make a profit. Think 'Commercial = cash' s . Sportsmanship is fair play with grace; gamesmanship is bending the rules without breaking them (like time‑ les on purpose. Doping falls under deviance. To recall types of prohibited substances, use 'BANS Peptide'? Better: 'ulants, Narcotic analgesics, Anabolic steroids, Beta blockers, Diuretics, Peptide hormones' can be recalled with 'Some Nutty Athletes Beat Drugs Properly'.
爱德思要求你掌握商业化、媒体、赞助、礼仪、运动精神、竞技策略和违规行为等术语。商业化是利用体育赚钱，联想“Commercial = cash”。运动精神是公平竞争、谦逊有礼；竞技策略是钻规则空子而不直接犯规（如拖延时间）。违规行为则是故意犯规。兴奋剂属于违规行为。记忆禁药类型可用首字母“Some Nutty Athletes Beat Drugs Properly”：兴奋剂（Stimulants）、麻醉镇痛剂（Narcotic analgesics）、合成类固醇（Anabolic steroids）、β受体阻滞剂（Beta blockers）、利尿剂（Diuretics）、肽类激素（Peptide hormones）。
Factors affecting participation: age, gender, disability, ethnicity, religion, socio‑economic group. The acronym 'GADERS' can help: Gender, Age, Disability, Ethnicity, Religion, Socio‑economic. Alternatively, create a story: 'Every Young Person Deserves Active Fun' for Ethnicity, Youth, Peers, Disability, Age, Family.
影响参与的因素：年龄、性别、残障、种族、宗教、社会经济群体。用首字母“GADERS”记忆。或编故事：“Every Young Person Deserves Active Fun”代表种族、年轻、同伴、残障、年龄、家庭。
11. Health, Nutrition & Hydration | 健康、营养与水分
A balanced diet includes macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals). Carbs are the main fuel; protein repairs muscle; fats provide energy for low‑intensity work. A simple plate visual: 'Carbs for Go, Protein for Grow, Fats for Slow glow'. Hydration is critical; dehydration leads to thicker blood, increased heart rate and early fatigue. Know the terms dehydration, rehydration and hyperthermia (overheating).
均衡饮食包括宏量营养素（碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪）和微量营养素（维生素、矿物质）。碳水化合物是主要燃料；蛋白质修复肌肉；脂肪为低强度运动提供能量。简洁的餐盘联想：“碳水利于动，蛋白质利于长，脂肪用于慢燃”。水分至关重要；脱水导致血液粘稠、心率上升、过早疲劳。需要掌握脱水、再水合和高热症（过热）等术语。
increases risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Memorise the link: 'Sitting too much = Storing energy as fat' ty is a BMI over 30. Understand energy balance: energy in (food) vs energy out (activity).
久坐生活方式增加肥胖、心血管疾病和2型糖尿病的风险。记忆联系：“久坐＝能量以脂肪储存”。肥胖定义为BMI超过30。理解能量平衡：能量摄入（食物）对能量消耗（运动）。
12. Data Collection & Evaluation | 数据收集与评估
, scores); qualitative data is descriptive (thoughts, feelings, coach observations). Think 'Quantity = Quantity, numbers; Quality = qualities, words'. Validity means the test measures what it is supposed to – a fitness test must replicate the sport' ility is about consistency: if you repeat the test, you get similar results. Use the VALID‑RELIABLE pair: 'a Valid ruler measures length, a Reliable ruler gives the same length every time'.
定量数据涉及数字（时间、距离、分数）；定性数据是描述性的（想法、感觉、教练观察）。联想“Quantity 对应数量，数字；Quality 对应品质，文字”。效度指测试测量了应测的内容——一个体能测试必须模拟运动需求。信度数一致性：重复测试能得到相似结果。使用“有效度的尺子测长度，可信度的尺子每次给出相同长度”来记忆。
Presenting data: pie charts show proportions, bar charts compare categories, line graphs display trends over time. Select correctly for your exam answers.
数据呈现：饼状图显示比例，条形图比较类别，折线图展示随时间变化的趋势。考试时要正确选择。
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