📚 Year 10 Eduqas Computer Science: Key Terms Memory Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology of GCSE Computer Science with Eduqas is essential for both exam success and computational thinking. This quick revision guide highlights key terms, provides memorable explanations, and pairs each with its Chinese equivalent to help bilingual learners. Use these memory shortcuts to recall definitions faster and build confidence.
掌握Eduqas GCSE计算机科学术语对于考试成功和计算思维都至关重要。这份速记指南突出关键术语，提供易记的解释，并搭配中文对应内容，帮助双语学习者更高效地记忆。用这些记忆技巧，你可以更快回忆定义，增强自信。
1. Hardware and Software | 硬件与软件
Hardware: The physical parts of a computer system you can touch, like the monitor, keyboard, and motherboard. Mnemonic: 'Hard' can be held.
硬件: 计算机系统中可以触摸的物理部件，如显示器、键盘和主板。记忆法：“硬”件就是硬的，可以触摸。
Software: Collections of instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Think of it as the 'soul' or 'soft' logic. Examples include operating systems and apps.
软件: 告诉硬件做什么的指令集合。把它想象成“灵魂”或软的逻辑。例子包括操作系统和应用程序。
Peripheral: Any device connected externally to the computer, such as a mouse or printer. 'Peri-' means around, so peripherals surround the core.
外设: 任何外接计算机的设备，如鼠标或打印机。“Peri-”表示周围，所以外设在核心周围。
2. CPU and the Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle | CPU与取指-解码-执行周期
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer. It processes all instructions. Remember: 'Central Processing' literally means it handles the central work.
CPU (中央处理器): 计算机的大脑。它处理所有指令。记住：“中央处理”字面意思就是处理核心工作。
Control Unit (CU): Decodes instructions and directs other components. Mnemonic: 'Control' unit is like a traffic controller.
控制单元 (CU): 解码指令并指挥其他组件。记忆法：控制单元就像交通指挥员。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs calculations and logical operations. Think 'A' for Arithmetic and 'L' for Logic. All maths happens here.
算术逻辑单元 (ALU): 执行计算和逻辑运算。记住“A”代表算术，“L”代表逻辑，所有数学运算都发生在这里。
Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle: The basic operation cycle of a CPU: fetch instruction, decode it, execute it. Acronym FDE. 'Find Data Execute' helps recall.
取指-解码-执行周期: CPU的基本操作周期：取指令、解码、执行。首字母缩写FDE。用“Find Data Execute”助记。
Clock speed: Measured in GHz, indicates how many cycles per second. Higher GHz generally means faster processing. Think of a heartbeat.
时钟速度: 以GHz为单位，表示每秒执行多少个周期。GHz越高，通常处理速度越快。把它想象成心跳。
3. Primary Memory: RAM, ROM and Virtual Memory | 主存储器：RAM、ROM与虚拟内存
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory that stores data and programs currently in use. Power-off makes it forget. Memory aid: 'Runs Away Memory' – data vanishes when power is cut.
RAM (随机存取存储器): 易失性存储器，存储当前正在使用的数据和程序。断电即忘。助记：“Runs Away Memory”——断电数据就跑掉了。
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that holds firmware, like the BIOS. It 'Remains On' even without power. Can be read but not easily written to.
ROM (只读存储器): 非易失性存储器，保存固件，如BIOS。断电后仍“保持开启”。可读不易写。
Virtual memory: A section of the hard drive used as if it were extra RAM when physical RAM is full. Slower than real RAM. Think of it as an 'overflow parking lot'.
虚拟内存: 当物理RAM满时，将硬盘的一部分当作额外RAM使用。比真实RAM慢。把它想象成“溢出停车场”。
4. Secondary Storage | 辅助存储
Magnetic storage (HDD): Uses spinning platters and read/write heads. High capacity, cost-effective, but mechanical and fragile. Mnemonic: 'Magnetic' is mechanical.
磁存储 (HDD): 使用旋转盘片和读写头。容量大、成本低，但机械结构易损坏。记忆：“磁”即为机械。
Solid state storage (SSD): Uses flash memory, no moving parts. Faster, more durable, but more expensive per GB. 'Solid' means sturdy and silent.
固态存储 (SSD): 使用闪存，无移动部件。更快、更耐用，但每GB价格更贵。“固态”意味着坚固安静。
Optical storage: CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays that use lasers to read/write data. Portable but limited capacity. Remember 'Optic' for lasered discs.
光存储: 使用激光读/写数据的CD、DVD、蓝光光盘。便携但容量有限。记住“光”代表激光盘。
Cloud storage: Data stored on remote servers accessed via the internet. Enables easy sharing and backup. Think 'cloud' – floating above, accessible anywhere.
云存储: 数据存储在通过互联网访问的远程服务器上。易于共享和备份。想象“云”——飘浮在上，随处可访问。
5. Binary and Units | 二进制与单位
Bit: The smallest unit of data, a single '1' or '0'. 'Bit' is short for 'binary digit'.
比特 (bit): 数据的最小单位，一个“1”或“0”。“Bit”是“binary digit”的缩写。
Nibble: Group of 4 bits. Half a byte. Mnemonic: 'Nibble' is a tiny bite – 4 bits.
半字节 (nibble): 4个比特组成的小组。半个字节。记忆：“Nibble”（小口咬）就是4个比特。
Byte: 8 bits. The basic unit to store one character. 2⁸ = 256 possible values.
字节 (byte): 8个比特。存储一个字符的基本单位。2⁸ = 256 种可能值。
Kilobyte (KB) / Megabyte (MB): 1 KB = 1024 bytes (2¹⁰). 1 MB = 1024 KB. Not 1000! Memory tip: '1024 – a computer's thousand'.
千字节/KB、兆字节/MB: 1 KB = 1024 字节 (2¹⁰)。1 MB = 1024 KB。不是1000！记忆要诀：“1024——计算机里的千”。
Example: Denary 13 to binary: 13₁₀ = 1101₂
示例：十进制 13 转二进制：13₁₀ = 1101₂
6. Data Representation | 数据表示
ASCII: rican Standard Code for Information Interchange. Uses 7 bits, representing 128 characters. 'A' = 65. Mnemonic: 'ASCII' is basic text.
ASCII: 美国信息交换标准代码。使用7个比特，表示128个字符。'A' = 65。记忆：“ASCII”就是基础文本。
Unicode: Character set that covers all world languages and emojis. Backward-compatible with ASCII, uses up to 32 bits. Think 'Uni-' for universal.
Unicode: 涵盖全球所有语言和表情符号的字符集。与ASCII向下兼容，最多使用32比特。想想“Uni-”代表统一通用。
Image representation: ts per pixel. Higher colour depth = more colours. Resolution = total pixel width × height.
图像表示: 由像素构成。色彩深度=每像素比特数。色彩深度越高，颜色越多。分辨率=像素总宽×高。
Sound sampling: Sample rate (Hz) measures how often the analogue signal is captured per second. Bit depth determines the accuracy of each sample. Higher values give better quality.
声音采样: 采样率(Hz)衡量每秒对模拟信号的捕获次数。位深度决定每个样本的精度。数值越高，质量越好。
File size (bits) = sample rate (Hz) × bit depth × duration (s)
文件大小 (比特) = 采样率 (Hz) × 位深度 × 时长 (秒)
7. Networks and Topologies | 网络与拓扑结构
LAN (Local Area Network): Connects computers over a small geographical area, like a school. 'Local' = limited distance.
LAN (局域网): 在较小地理区域内连接计算机，如学校网络。“Local”表示有限距离。
WAN (Wide Area Network): Connects LANs over large distances, e.g. the internet. 'Wide' means across towns or continents.
WAN (广域网): 将局域网远距离连接起来，如互联网。“Wide”表示跨城市或跨大陆。
Star topology: All devices connect to a central switch/router. Easy to manage, but if the centre fails, the whole network goes down. 'Star light, star bright, central node holds the light.'
星形拓扑: 所有设备连接到一个中央交换机/路由器。易于管理，但中心发生故障会导致全网瘫痪。“星星亮晶晶，中心节点掌光明。”
Mesh topology: Every device connects to multiple others, offering many paths for data. Robust but expensive. 'Mesh' like a fishing net – many links.
网状拓扑: 每个设备连接到多个其他设备，数据有多条路径。稳健但成本较高。“Mesh”像渔网——许多连接。
Client-server vs peer-to-peer: In client-server, a central server provides services. In peer-to-peer (P2P), each machine acts as both client and server, sharing directly. Remember: 'Server serves, peers share.'
客户端-服务器与点对点: 客户端-服务器模式中，中央服务器提供服务。点对点(P2P)中，每台机器既是客户端又是服务器，直接分享。记住：“服务器服务，对等端分享”。
8. Protocols and the Internet | 协议与互联网
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol – the fundamental suite that governs internet communication. Think 'T for transport, I for internet address'.
TCP/IP: 传输控制协议/互联网协议——管理互联网通信的基础协议族。记“T管传输，I管网际地址”。
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring web pages from server to browser. Not encrypted. 'HyperText Transfer' explains itself.
HTTP (超文本传输协议): 用于将网页从服务器传输到浏览器，不加密。“超文本传输”即明自。
HTTPS: HTTP Secure – uses SSL/TLS encryption. The 'S' means security. Look for the padlock icon.
HTTPS: 安全超文本传输协议——使用SSL/TLS加密。“S”表示安全。注意挂锁图标。
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used to transfer files between computers. 'F' is for file.
FTP (文件传输协议): 用于在计算机之间传输文件。“F”代表文件。
SMTP, POP3, IMAP: Email protocols. SMTP sends mail; POP3 downloads and removes from server; IMAP keeps mail on server, syn
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