📚 Year 11 Edexcel Music: Glossary of Key Terms for Revision | Edexcel 十一年级音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering musical vocabulary is essential for success in the Edexcel GCSE Music exam. This guide groups key terms by category, providing clear definitions in both English and Chinese to help you build a bilingual understanding of the concepts you will encounter in listening, appraising, and composing tasks.
掌握音乐词汇是 Edexcel GCSE 音乐考试成功的关键。本指南将核心术语按类别分组，提供清晰的中英文定义，帮助你在听力、评析与作曲中建立双语思维，轻松应对各类考点。
1. Dynamics | 力度术语
Dynamics indicate the volume of the music. Italian terms and their abbreviations are used to specify how loudly or softly a passage should be played, as well as gradual or sudden changes in volume.
力度表示音乐的强弱。意大利语术语及其缩写用于标明乐段应演奏得多强或多弱，以及音量渐次或突然的变化。
- pianissimo (pp): very soft – 极弱
- piano (p): soft – 弱
- mezzo-piano (mp): moderately soft – 中弱
- mezzo-forte (mf): moderately loud – 中强
- forte (f): loud – 强
- fortissimo (ff): very loud – 极强
- crescendo (cresc.): gradually getting louder – 渐强
- diminuendo (dim.): gradually getting softer – 渐弱
- subito (sub.): suddenly – 突然地
- sforzando (sfz): strong, sudden accent on a note – 突强
2. Tempo | 速度术语
Tempo refers to the speed of the music. It is often indicated by Italian terms that describe a general character as well as a specific pace, and can change within a piece through gradual alterations.
速度指音乐的快慢。通常用意大利语术语表示，既描述大致性格也指明具体速率，并可通过渐变标记在乐曲内改变。
- largo: slow and broad – 缓慢而宽广
- adagio: slow and stately – 缓慢而庄重
- andante: at a walking pace – 行板
- moderato: moderate speed – 中板
- allegro: fast and lively – 快板
- vivace: lively and brisk – 活泼的急板
- presto: very fast – 急板
- accelerando (accel.): gradually getting faster – 渐快
- rallentando (rall.) / ritardando (rit.): gradually getting slower – 渐慢
- a tempo: return to the original speed – 回到原速
3. Structure | 曲式结构
Structure describes how a piece of music is organised. Recognising common forms helps you analyse sections, repeats, contrasts and the overall journey of a composition.
曲式描述音乐作品的组织方式。识别常见曲式有助于分析段落、反复、对比以及作品的整体脉络。
- binary form (AB): two contrasting sections – 二段体
- ternary form (ABA): three sections where the first returns at the end – 三段体
- rondo form (ABACA): a recurring main theme alternating with contrasting episodes – 回旋曲式
- theme and variations: a theme is presented and then altered in successive variations – 主题与变奏
- sonata form: exposition, development and recapitulation, common in first movements – 奏鸣曲式
- minuet and trio: a dance form with a contrasting middle section, often used in Classical symphonies – 小步舞曲与三声中部
- strophic form: same music repeated for each verse – 分节歌形式
- through-composed: music continuously changes without large-scale repetition – 通谱歌形式
4. Texture | 织体
Texture refers to how many layers of sound are heard at once and how they relate to each other. It ranges from a single unaccompanied line to complex interweaving melodies.
织体指同时听到的声音层次以及它们之间的关系，从单一的无伴奏线条到复杂的交错旋律都有涵盖。
- monophonic: a single melodic line without accompaniment – 单声部织体
- homophonic: melody with chordal accompaniment, all parts moving in similar rhythm – 主调织体
- polyphonic / contrapuntal: two or more independent melodic lines interweaving – 复调织体
- heterophonic: simultaneous variations of the same melody by different voices or instruments – 支声复调
- melody and accompaniment: a clear melody supported by a subordinate accompaniment – 旋律加伴奏
- unison: all parts perform the same pitches and rhythm – 齐奏/齐唱
- imitative texture: a musical idea is taken up by different parts in succession – 模仿织体
5. Harmony & Tonality | 和声与调性
Harmony concerns how chords are constructed and how they progress. Tonality defines the organisation around a central pitch or key. Together they govern the sense of tension and resolution.
和声关乎和弦的构成与进行方式。调性则定义以某个中心音或调为核心的组织方式。二者共同支配音乐的紧张与解决感。
- major tonality: bright, happy sound based on a major scale – 大调
- minor tonality: sadder, darker sound based on a minor scale – 小调
- modal: based on old church modes, neither strictly major nor minor – 调式
- atonal: no sense of key, all chromatic notes treated equally – 无调性
- diatonic: using only notes belonging to the current key – 自然音阶的
- chromatic: using notes outside the current key, moving in semitones – 半音阶的
- consonance: notes that sound stable and pleasing together – 协和音程
- dissonance: notes that clash, creating tension requiring resolution – 不协和音程
- perfect cadence (V-I): sounds complete and final – 正格终止
- imperfect cadence (I-V, II-V, IV-V): sounds unfinished, ending on the dominant – 不完全终止
- plagal cadence (IV-I): 'Amen' cadence, sounds resolved – 变格终止
- interrupted cadence (V-vi): unexpected, a surprise move away from the tonic – 阻碍终止
- modulation: change of key within a piece – 转调
- pedal note: a sustained or repeated note, usually in the bass, while harmonies change above – 持续音
- drone: a continuous sustained sound, often a perfect fifth or octave – 持续低音
6. Melody | 旋律
Melody is a sequence of single notes that form a recognisable tune. Analysing its shape, movement and development is central to understanding the character of a piece.
旋律是用一系列单音构成的、可辨认的曲调。分析其轮廓、走向和发展是理解作品性格的核心。
- conjunct movement: moving by step (adjacent notes) – 级进
- disjunct movement: moving by leaps (larger intervals) – 跳进
- sequence: a melodic idea repeated at a higher or lower pitch – 模进
- ostinato: a persistently repeated musical pattern – 固定音型
- motif: a short, distinctive melodic or rhythmic idea – 动机
- phrase: a musical sentence, often punctuated by a cadence – 乐句
- augmentation: lengthening the note values of a melody – 增值
- diminution: shortening the note values of a melody – 减值
- inversion: turning the melody upside down (up becomes down and vice versa) – 倒影
- retrograde: playing the melody backwards – 逆行
- pitch bend: a continuous slide upwards or downwards in pitch – 滑音
- glissando: a rapid slide through a series of consecutive notes – 滑奏
7. Rhythm & Metre | 节奏与节拍
Rhythm organises sounds and silences in time, while metre groups beats into regular patterns. These elements drive the momentum and stylistic feel of the music.
节奏在时间中组织声音与静默，节拍则将拍子组成有规律的单元。正是这些元素推动着音乐的律动与风格感。
- simple time: each beat divides into two equal parts (e.g. 2/4, 3/4, 4/4) – 单纯拍子
- compound time: each beat divides into three equal parts (e.g. 6/8, 9/8, 12/8) – 复拍子
- syncopation: emphasis on a normally weak beat or between beats – 切分音
- dotted rhythm: alternating long and short notes created by dots after notes – 附点节奏
- triplet: three notes played in the time of two – 三连音
- hemiola: a temporary shift from compound duple to simple triple feel, often at cadences – 赫米奥拉
- anacrusis (upbeat): an incomplete bar at the start, leading to the first downbeat – 弱起
- cross-rhythm: conflicting rhythmic patterns played simultaneously – 交叉节奏
- polyrhythm: two or more distinct rhythmic strands occurring at once – 复节奏
- rubato: expressive flexibility of tempo, speeding up and slowing down slightly – 伸缩速度
8. Timbre & Instruments | 音色与乐器
Timbre describes the unique quality of a sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another. Familiarity with orchestral, vocal and world instruments enables precise aural analysis.
音色描述声音的独特质感，以此区分不同的乐器或人声。熟悉管弦乐、声乐及世界乐器有助于精准的听觉分析。
- strings: violin, viola, cello, double bass – 弦乐：小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴
- woodwind: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon – 木管：长笛、双簧管、单簧管、大管
- brass: trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba – 铜管：小号、圆号、长号、大号
- percussion: timpani, snare drum, cymbals, triangle – 打击乐：定音鼓、小军鼓、钹、三角铁
- keyboard: piano, organ, harpsichord – 键盘：钢琴、管风琴、羽管键琴
- vocal ranges: soprano, alto, tenor, bass – 声部：女高音、女中音、男高音、男低音
- pizzicato (pizz.): plucking the strings with fingers – 拨弦
- arco: playing with the bow (for strings) – 用弓演奏
- con sordino: with a mute, producing a softer, veiled tone – 加弱音器
- tremolo: rapid repetition of a single note or rapid alternation between two notes – 震音
9. Articulation & Techniques | 演奏技法
Articulation defines how individual notes are executed in terms of attack, length and connection. Performance techniques also shape the character of the sound.
演奏技法界定单个音符如何在起奏、长度和连断方面被奏出。不同的演奏技术也塑造声音的性格。
- legato: smooth and connected notes – 连奏
- staccato (stacc.): short and detached notes – 断奏
- tenuto: hold the note for its full value, often with slight emphasis – 保持音
- accent (>): play the note with extra force – 重音
- marcato: marked, strongly accented – 强调
- portamento: a smooth slide between two pitches – 滑音
- slur: a curved line indicating that notes are to be played legato – 连音线
- trill (tr): rapid alternation between the written note and the note above – 颤音
10. Ornamentation | 装饰音
Ornaments are extra notes added to a melody as decoration. They add expressiveness and are essential for stylistically accurate performances, especially in Baroque and Classical repertoire.
装饰音是附加在旋律上的装饰性音符，能增添表现力，对于巴洛克与古典时期作品的风格准确再现尤为重要。
- trill: rapid alternation between two adjacent notes – 颤音
- turn: a four-note figure: note above, main note, note below, main note – 回音
- upper mordent: main note, note above, main note – 上波音
- lower mordent: main note, note below, main note – 下波音
- acciaccatura: a crushed note played very quickly before the main note, written with a diagonal line through the stem – 短倚音
- appoggiatura: a leaning note that takes part of the main note's value and resolves by step – 长倚音
- grace note: a generic small note played quickly before the main note – 装饰音符
Published by TutorHao | Music Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图