Year 11 Edexcel Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | Year 11 Edexcel 音乐：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 11 Edexcel Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | Year 11 Edexcel 音乐：公式定理速查手册

Welcome to your Edexcel GCSE Music formula and theorem quick reference guide. Many elements of music theory behave like mathematical formulas – once you know the core patterns, you can construct scales, build chords, identify intervals, and recognise cadences with confidence. This handbook presents the essential 'formulas' needed for the listening and appraising paper, as well as for your composition and performance work. Each section provides a clear English explanation immediately followed by its Chinese equivalent, ensuring you grasp every concept fully.

欢迎使用你的 Edexcel GCSE 音乐公式定理速查手册。音乐理论中的许多元素就像数学公式一样——一旦掌握了核心模式，你就能信手拈来地构建音阶、组织和弦、辨认音程并识别终止式。本手册提供了聆听与鉴赏试卷所需的关键"公式"，也适用于你的作曲和表演任务。每一小节都先给出清晰的英文解释，紧接着是与之对应的中文，确保你完全理解每个概念。

1. Interval Formulas | 音程公式

An interval measures the pitch distance between two notes. It is described by a number (the staff distance) and a quality (major, minor, perfect, augmented or diminished). The fundamental formula is counting semitones. The table below shows the most common intervals with their semitone count, because knowing these 'interval formulas' by heart makes sight-reading and score analysis much faster.

音程衡量两个音符之间的音高距离。它用一个数字（谱面距离）和一个性质（大、小、纯、增或减）来描述。基本的公式就是数半音。下表列出了最常见的音程及其半音数量，熟记这些"音程公式"能让你在视奏和乐谱分析时快人一步。

formula: the new interval number equals 9 minus the original number, and the quality flips – For example, a major 3rd (4 semitones) inverts to a minor 6th (8 semitones, since 12−4=8).

还有一个非常有用的音程转位公式：新的音程度数等于 9 减原度数，并且性质反向转变——大变小，小变大，增变减，而纯音程保持纯。例如，大三度（4个半音）转位后变为小六度（8个半音，因为12−4=8）。

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2. Scale Building Formulas | 音阶构建公式

Scales are built using fixed step patterns of tones (T) and semitones (S). A tone equals 2 semitones. The Edexcel syllabus expects you to recognise and write major, minor (natural, harmonic, melodic), chromatic and pentatonic scales. Think of these patterns as formulas you can apply starting from any tonic note.

音阶是利用由全音（T）和半音（S）组成的固定步进模式构建的。一个全音等于2个半音。Edexcel 考纲要求你能辨认并写出大调、小调（自然、和声、旋律）、半音阶和五声音阶。把这些模式视为可以套用在任何主音上的公式。

• Major scale formula: T T S T T T S    大调音阶公式： 全 全 半 全 全 全 半
• Natural minor formula: T S T T S T T    自然小调公式： 全 半 全 全 半 全 全
• Harmonic minor formula: T S T T S T+½ S    和声小调公式： 全 半 全 全 半 增二度 半
• Melodic minor (ascending) formula: T S T T T T S    旋律小调（上行）公式： 全 半 全 全 全 全 半
• Chromatic scale formula: every semitone consecutively    半音阶公式： 连续演奏所有半音

When descending, the melodic minor follows the natural minor pattern. The pentatonic major scale uses scale degrees 1–2–3–5–6 (omitting 4 and 7), which gives a formula of T–T–T+S–T–T+S from tonic. Commit these step formulas to memory, and you can instantly write any required scale in an exam.

下行时，旋律小调遵循自然小调模式。大调五声音阶使用音级 1–2–3–5–6（省略4和7），从主音出发的步进公式为 全–全–小三度–全–小三度。把这些步进公式牢记于心，你就能在考试中立刻写出任何要求的音阶。

3. Chord Construction Formulas | 和弦构建公式

Chords are vertical stacks of intervals, and you can construct them using semitone layer formulas. Triads consist of a root, a third and a fifth. By adjusting the number of semitones between these notes, you change the chord quality. The formulas below use the root as the starting point and add semitones cumulatively.

和弦是音程的纵向堆叠，你可以用半音叠加公式来构建。三和弦由根音、三音和五音组成。改变这些音之间的半音数量，就能变换和弦的性质。下面这些公式以根音为起点，累加半音数。

Chord Type	中文和弦	Formula (cumulative semitones)
Major Triad	大三和弦	root + 4 + 3
Minor Triad	小三和弦	root + 3 + 4
Augmented Triad	增三和弦	root + 4 + 4
Diminished Triad	减三和弦	root + 3 + 3
Dominant 7th	属七和弦	root + 4 + 3 + 3 (major triad + minor 7th)
Major 7th	大七和弦	root + 4 + 3 + 4
Minor 7th	小七和弦	root + 3 + 4 + 3
Diminished 7th	减七和弦	root + 3 + 3 + 3
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