📚 Year 11 Edexcel Philosophy: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Edexcel 11 年级哲学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key vocabulary is half the battle in Edexcel Year 11 Philosophy. This guide breaks down the core terms you will need for the Philosophy of Religion units – from the attributes of God to arguments for existence, the problem of evil, miracles, religious experience and life after death. Each term is paired with a simple definition in both English and Chinese, plus a memory tip to help you recall them quickly in an exam.
掌握关键词汇是攻克爱德思 11 年级哲学的半壁江山。本指南为你拆解宗教哲学单元所需的核心术语——从上帝的属性，到存在论证、恶的问题、神迹、宗教体验以及死后生命。每个术语都配有通俗易懂的英中双语定义，外加一条记忆锦囊，助你在考试中快速提取。
1. Key Concepts about God | 关于上帝的核心概念
In Edexcel Philosophy, you must be able to describe and evaluate different ideas about God's nature. These foundational terms will appear in almost every topic, so start here.
在爱德思哲学中，你必须能够描述和评价关于上帝本质的不同思想。这些基础术语几乎会出现在每一个主题中，因此从这里开始记忆。
Theist – Someone who believes that God exists, usually a personal God who created and sustains the world. Memory tip: 'Theo-' means God; a theist says 'yes' to God.
有神论者 – 相信上帝存在的人，通常指一位创造并维系世界的位格神。记忆锦囊：‘theo-’ 意为神；有神论者就是对神说‘是的’。
Atheist – A person who denies the existence of God or gods. Atheism is not necessarily a positive claim that no God exists, but can simply be a lack of belief.
无神论者 – 否认上帝或神明存在的人。无神论并非一定断言没有神，也可以仅仅是缺乏信仰。
Agnostic – Someone who holds that the existence of God is unknown or unknowable. Agnostics suspend judgement, saying there is insufficient evidence either way. Think: 'A-gnostic' = 'without knowledge'.
不可知论者 – 认为上帝的存在未知或不可知的人。不可知论者暂不判断，认为任一方向都缺乏足够证据。联想：‘A-gnostic’ = ‘无知识’。
Omnipotent – All-powerful. In Christian philosophy, God is said to be able to do anything logically possible (e.g. cannot create a square circle). Tip: 'omni' = all, 'potent' = power.
全能的 – 无所不能的。在基督教哲学中，上帝能够做任何逻辑上可能的事（如不能创造方的圆）。锦囊：‘omni’ = 全，‘potent’ = 能力。
Omniscient – All-knowing. God knows the past, present and future, including our free choices, which raises questions about free will.
全知的 – 无所不知的。上帝知道过去、现在和未来，包括我们的自由选择，这引出了自由意志的问题。
Omnibenevolent – All-loving or perfectly good. This attribute creates tension when combined with the existence of evil. Note: 'benevolent' means well-wishing.
全善的 – 全然慈爱或至善的。这个属性与恶的存在产生了张力。注：‘benevolent’ 意为善意。
Transcendent – God is beyond the physical universe, outside time and space. This view emphasises God's otherness.
超越的 – 上帝超越物质宇宙，在时空之外。这种观点强调了上帝的超越性。
Immanent – God is present and active within the world, close to creation. Many believers hold that God is both transcendent and immanent.
临在的 – 上帝临在于世界之中，活跃在受造物近旁。许多信徒认为上帝既超越又临在。
2. The Teleological (Design) Argument | 目的论（设计）论证
The design argument attempts to prove God's existence from the apparent order and purpose in the universe. Understanding these terms will help you explain the argument and evaluate its strengths and weaknesses.
设计论证试图从宇宙中显明的秩序与目的来证明上帝的存在。理解这些术语将帮助你解释该论证并评价其优缺点。
Teleological argument – The argument from design. 'Telos' means purpose or end. It infers an intelligent designer from features like complexity and regularity in nature.
目的论论证 – 即设计论证。‘Telos’ 意为目的或终点。它从自然界的复杂性和规律性等特征推断有一位智慧的设计者。
Design qua purpose – The idea that parts of the universe appear to be arranged to fulfil a specific purpose, like the eye for seeing. This suggests forethought and design.
目的性设计 – 宇宙的各部分似乎为达成特定目的而被安排，比如眼睛是为了看见。这意味着有预谋和设计。
Design qua regularity – The order and law-like behaviour of the universe, such as the orbits of planets and the cycle of seasons, point to a designer who set these regularities in place.
规律性设计 – 宇宙的秩序和法则般的行为，如行星轨道和四季循环，指向了一位设定这些规律的设计者。
William Paley's watch analogy – If you found a watch on a heath, its intricate mechanism would lead you to infer a watchmaker. Similarly, the far more complex natural world points to a divine designer. Remember: 'Watch → Watchmaker; World → World-maker'.
威廉·佩利的钟表类比 – 假如你在荒野发现一块手表，其精密机械会让你推断有一位制表匠。同样，远比手表复杂的自然界指向一位神圣设计者。牢记：‘手表 → 钟表匠；世界 → 创世主’。
Anthropic principle – The observation that the universe seems finely tuned for human life. Even slight changes in physical constants would make life impossible, which some say suggests purposeful design.
人择原理 – 宇宙似乎为人类生命而精密调谐。哪怕物理常数发生微小改变，生命都将不可能，一些人因此认为这暗示了有目的的设计。
3. The Cosmological Argument | 宇宙论论证
The cosmological argument focuses on the existence of the universe itself and asks why there is something rather than nothing. It is often called the First Cause argument.
宇宙论论证聚焦于宇宙本身的存在，追问为什么有物存在而非虚无。它常被称为第一因论证。
Cosmological argument – An argument for God's existence based on the fact of the universe's existence. It argues that everything has a cause, and the universe must have a first cause, which is God.
宇宙论论证 – 基于宇宙存在的事实来论证上帝存在。它论证万物皆有因，宇宙必有第一因，那便是上帝。
Infinite regress – A chain of causes going backwards forever without a beginning. The cosmological argument attempts to show that an infinite regress is impossible, so there must be a first, uncaused cause.
无限回溯 – 因果链条永无止境地倒推而没有开端。宇宙论论证试图表明无限回溯是不可能的，必定有一个最初的不被因果所动的第一因。
Uncaused cause / First cause – The being that starts the causal chain but was not itself caused by anything else. Aquinas and others identified this as God.
不被因果所动的第一因 – 启动因果链而自身不被任何事物因果所生的存有。阿奎那等人将此认定为上帝。
Aquinas' First Way – Thomas Aquinas argued from motion/change: things are moved by other things, but this chain cannot go on infinitely, so there must be an unmoved mover, which is God.
阿奎那的第一路论证 – 托马斯·阿奎那从运动/变化出发论证：事物被其他事物所推动，但此链不能无限延伸，必有一位不被推动的推动者，即上帝。
Kalam cosmological argument – A version originating from Islamic philosophy, popularised by William Lane Craig. It argues that the universe had a beginning; everything that begins to exist has a cause; therefore the universe has a cause, which is God.
卡拉姆宇宙论论证 – 起源于伊斯兰哲学、由威廉·莱恩·克雷格推广的版本。它论证宇宙有一个开端；凡开始存在之物皆有因；故宇宙有一因，即上帝。
4. The Problem of Evil | 恶的问题
The problem of evil is perhaps the strongest challenge to belief in an omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent God. These concepts are essential for tackling this topic in the exam.
恶的问题或许是对全能、全知且全善之上帝信仰的最严峻挑战。以下概念是考试中攻克此话题的关键。
The problem of evil – The difficulty of reconciling the existence of a loving, powerful God with the reality of suffering and evil in the world.
恶的问题 – 一位慈爱而大能的上帝的存在与世界充满苦难和罪恶的现实如何调和之难题。
Moral evil – Suffering caused by human actions, such as murder, theft and injustice. It results from the misuse of free will.
道德之恶 – 由人类行为造成的苦难，如谋杀、偷盗和不公。它源于对自由意志的滥用。
Natural evil – Suffering caused by natural events, such as earthquakes, disease and floods, not directly attributable to human choices.
自然之恶 – 由自然事件造成的苦难，如地震、疾病和洪水，不直接归因于人类选择。
Inconsistent triad (J.L. Mackie) – Mackie argued that the three statements 'God is omnipotent', 'God is omnibenevolent' and 'Evil exists' cannot all be true together. If any two are true, the third must be false. Tip: think of a triangle of contradiction.
不相容三角（J.L.麦基） – 麦基认为‘上帝全能’、‘上帝全善’和‘恶存在’这三个陈述无法同时为真。若任两个为真，第三个必假。锦囊：想象一个矛盾的三角形。
Logical problem of evil – The argument that the mere existence of evil is logically incompatible with the existence of the God of classical theism.
逻辑的恶的问题 – 主张单单恶的存在就在逻辑上与古典有神论的上帝不相容。
Evidential problem of evil – The claim that the sheer amount and unfair distribution of evil makes the existence of God extremely unlikely, even if not strictly contradictory.
证据性的恶的问题 – 认为恶的数量之大与分布之不公使上帝的存在极不可能，即便并非严格矛盾。
5. Theodicies and Defences | 神义论与辩护
A theodicy is an attempt to justify God's goodness in the face of evil. Knowing the difference between a theodicy and a defence, and the responses from Augustine and Irenaeus, is crucial.
神义论是试图在恶面前为上帝的良善辩护的理论。理解神义论与辩护的区别，以及奥古斯丁与爱任纽的回应至关重要。
Theodicy – An attempt to explain why a good God permits evil. 'Theodicy' literally means 'justice of God'.
神义论 – 试图解释一位良善的上帝为何允许恶的存在。字面意为‘上帝的正义’。
Augustinian theodicy – Based on the writings of Augustine. Evil is not a thing but a privation of good. Evil entered the world through the misuse of free will by angels and humans, resulting in original sin. All suffering is a just punishment or a consequence of a fallen world.
奥古斯丁神义论 – 基于奥古斯丁的著作。恶并非实体，而是善的缺乏。恶因天使和人类滥用自由意志而进入世界，导致原罪。一切苦难都是公正的惩罚或堕落世界的后果。
Soul-making theodicy (Irenaeus / John Hick) – Evil and suffering are necessary for humans to develop virtues, grow morally, and become 'children of God'. The world is a 'vale of soul-making', where challenges help us mature into the likeness of God. Tip: 'Soul-making' = shaping character.
灵魂塑造神义论（爱任纽/约翰·希克） – 恶与苦难对于人类发展美德、道德成长并成为‘上帝的儿女’是必要的。世界是一个‘灵魂塑造之谷’，其中的挑战帮助我们成熟，趋向上帝的样式。锦囊：‘灵魂塑造’ = 锤炼品格。
Free will defence – Often associated with Alvin Plantinga. It argues that God cannot create genuinely free beings and at the same time guarantee they never choose evil. A world with free will and moral evil is better than a world without free will.
自由意志辩护 – 常与阿尔文·普兰丁格相连。它论证上帝无法创造真正自由的受造物又同时确保他们永不选择恶。一个有自由意志和道德之恶的世界，优于一个没有自由意志的世界。
Greater good defence – Evil is permitted because it is logically necessary for achieving certain greater goods, like courage in response to danger or compassion in response to suffering.
更大的善辩护 – 恶之所以被允许，因为它在逻辑上是实现某些更大之善所必需的，譬如危难生勇气，苦难生同情。
6. Revelation and Scripture | 启示与经典
Revelation is the way God makes himself known to humanity. The concepts of general and special revelation, and different views of scripture, are central to Edexcel Philosophy.
启示是上帝向人类彰显自己的方式。一般启示与特殊启示的概念，以及关于经典的不同观点，是爱德思哲学的核心。
Revelation – The disclosure of divine truth or God's nature to humanity. It can be through nature, conscience, scripture, prophets, or mystical experiences.
启示 – 神圣真理或上帝本性的揭示。可以通过自然、良心、经典、先知或神秘体验实现。
General revelation – God making himself known indirectly through the natural world, human reason and conscience. It is available to all people at all times. Example: seeing design in nature.
一般启示 – 上帝通过自然界、人类理性和良心间接地彰显自己。它对所有人、在所有时间都可得。例子：从自然中看到设计。
Special revelation – God communicating directly through specific events or people, such as sacred texts, prophets, the incarnation of Christ, or visions. It is particular and often historically situated.
特殊启示 – 上帝通过特定事件或人物直接沟通，如圣典、先知、基督道成肉身或异象。它是个别的，常处于特定历史情境中。
Propositional revelation – The view that revelation consists of statements or truths about God and salvation, providing doctrinal knowledge. Scripture is seen as the direct record of these propositions.
命题式启示 – 认为启示由关于上帝和救恩的陈述或真理组成，提供教义性知识。经典被视为这些命题的直接记录。
Non-propositional revelation – Revelation is not a set of facts but a personal encounter with God. The Bible is a witness to these encounters, not a science textbook. It conveys relationship rather than propositional data.
非命题式启示 – 启示不是一套事实，而是与上帝的个人性相遇。圣经是这些相遇的见证，而非科学教科书；它传递关系，而非命题数据。
7. Miracles and Their Challenges | 神迹与对其的质疑
Miracles are often defined as extraordinary events that suggest divine intervention. In Edexcel, you need to know the main definitions and the criticisms made by philosophers like David Hume.
神迹常被定义为显示神圣干预的非凡事件。在爱德思哲学中，你需要了解主要定义以及大卫·休谟等哲学家的批评。
Miracle – A remarkable event, usually seen as a sign of God's action, that goes beyond normal human understanding of natural laws. The definition itself is debated.
神迹 – 通常被认为是上帝作为之标记的非凡事件，超越了常人对自然法则的理解。这一定义本身就饱受争议。
Hume's definition of a miracle – Hume defined a miracle as 'a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the Deity'. That is, a violation of the regular, predictable course of nature.
休谟的神迹定义 – 休谟将神迹定义为‘由于神明特别旨意对自然法则的违背’。即对自然界规律性、可预测进程的违反。
Hume's practical arguments against miracles – Hume argued that it is always more likely that the testimony of a miracle is mistaken than that a law of nature has been violated. He pointed to insufficient witnesses, human love of the sensational, and the conflicting miracle claims between religions.
休谟反对神迹的实践论证 – 休谟认为，见证者出错的可能性总是高于自然法则被违背的可能性。他指出见证者不足、人类对耸人听闻故事的偏爱，以及不同宗教间互相冲突的神迹宣称。
Swinburne's principle of credulity – Richard Swinburne argues that, other things being equal, we should believe the way things seem to us. If someone genuinely perceives an event as a miracle, it is rational to accept it unless we have strong counter-evidence.
斯温伯恩的轻信原则 – 理查德·斯温伯恩主张，在同等条件下，我们应当相信事物向我们呈现的样子。如果某人真实地感知到某一事件为神迹，那么除非有强有力的反证，否则接受它是合理的。
Holland's contingency miracle – R.F. Holland suggested that a miracle need not break a law of nature. It could simply be an extraordinary coincidence that holds deep religious significance, like a child surviving a terrible crash against all odds.
霍兰的巧合神迹观 – R.F.霍兰认为，神迹无需打破自然法则。它可以仅仅是一个蕴含深刻宗教意义的非凡巧合，比如一个孩子在惨烈事故中奇迹般存活。
8. The Afterlife and the Soul | 来世与灵魂
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