📚 Year 11 Edexcel Politics: Key Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 11 Edexcel 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering political terminology is the foundation of success in Edexcel GCSE Citizenship. This guide presents essential terms with memory tricks to help you recall definitions quickly, group concepts logically and apply them accurately in exam answers. Work through each section to build a robust mental glossary of UK politics.
掌握政治术语是Edexcel GCSE 公民学成功的基础。本指南精选核心词汇并附上记忆妙招，帮助你快速回忆定义、有逻辑地分组概念并在考试答案中精准运用。请逐节学习，构建扎实的英国政治心理词库。
1. Core Democratic Concepts | 核心民主概念
Democracy: A system of government where citizens exercise power by voting. Derived from Greek 'demos' (people) and 'kratos' (rule). Memory tip: picture a crowd shouting 'Demo-crazy' – everyone gets a voice.
民主：一种由公民通过投票行使权力的政府制度。源自希腊语“demos”（人民）和“kratos”（统治）。记忆秘诀：想象一群人高喊“民主疯狂”——每个人都能发声。
Direct democracy: Citizens make decisions on policies directly, without representatives, e.g., referendums. Memory tip: 'Direct' means no middleman – you press the button yourself.
直接民主：公民不经代表直接对政策做出决定，例如全民公投。记忆秘诀：“直接”意味着没有中间人——你自己按下按钮。
Representative democracy: Citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The UK uses this system. Memory tip: you send a 'representative' to speak for you, like a class rep.
代议制民主：公民选举代表替他们决策。英国使用这一制度。记忆秘诀：你派一个“代表”替你发言，就像班级代表。
Legitimacy: The right and acceptance of an authority to govern, usually gained through free and fair elections. Memory tip: 'legit' government has the people's blessing.
合法性：一个权威被公认有权统治，通常通过自由公正的选举获得。记忆秘诀：“合法”的政府拥有人民的祝福。
Accountability: The obligation of government to explain its actions and face consequences. Memory tip: 'account' like a bank – you must give an account of what you did.
问责制：政府有义务解释其行为并承担后果。记忆秘诀：“account”如同银行账户——你必须交代你做了什么。
2. The UK Parliament and Government | 英国议会与政府
Parliament: The supreme legislative body consisting of the Monarch, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Memory tip: think of a three-part crown – Commons, Lords and Queen.
议会：最高立法机构，由君主、下议院和上议院组成。记忆秘诀：想象一个三部分的王冠——下院、上院和女王。
House of Commons: The elected chamber of Parliament where MPs debate and pass laws. Memory tip: 'Commons' are common people's representatives, not lords.
下议院：议会的民选议院，议员在此辩论并通过法律。记忆秘诀：“下院”是平民的代表，不是贵族。
House of Lords: The unelected revising chamber, which reviews legislation. It includes life peers, bishops and hereditary peers. Memory tip: Lords are not elected – they 'revise' like a critical older relative reading your homework.
上议院：非选举产生的修订院，负责审查立法。成员包括终身贵族、主教和世袭贵族。记忆秘诀：上院不由选举产生——他们像挑剔的长辈审阅你的作业。
Government: The executive branch formed by the party with a majority in the Commons. Led by the Prime Minister, it runs the country and proposes laws. Memory tip: 'Govern' means to steer the ship.
政府：由议会多数党组成的行政部门，由首相领导，管理国家并提出法律。记忆秘诀：“Govern”意为掌舵。
Cabinet: A group of senior ministers chosen by the Prime Minister to head major departments. Memory tip: the 'kitchen cabinet' – the PM's closest team.
内阁：首相挑选的高级大臣组成的小组，领导主要部门。记忆秘诀：想象“厨房内阁”——首相最亲密的团队。
3. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
First-past-the-post (FPTP): An electoral system where the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins, used for UK general elections. Memory tip: a horse race – first past the post wins, even by a nose.
简单多数制 (FPTP)：一种选举制度，每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜，用于英国大选。记忆秘诀：赛马——首先冲过终点柱者胜，哪怕只赢一个鼻子。
Proportional representation (PR): A voting system aiming to match the share of seats to the share of votes gained. Memory tip: a pie chart – each slice represents votes.
比例代表制 (PR)：一种旨在使席位比例与得票比例相符的投票制度。记忆秘诀：饼状图——每一块代表选票。
Referendum: A direct vote by the electorate on a single political question. Brexit was decided by a referendum. Memory tip: 'refer' a question to the people.
全民公投：全体选民就某个单一政治问题进行的直接投票。英国脱欧即由公投决定。记忆秘诀：“refer”一个问题给人民。
Turnout: The percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot. Memory tip: think 'turn up' to vote – who shows up.
投票率：实际投票的合格选民百分比。记忆秘诀：想想谁来“露面”投票。
4. Political Parties and Ideologies | 政治党派与意识形态
Conservative Party: A centre-right party emphasising tradition, private enterprise and strong national defence. Memory tip: 'conserve' tradition – they want to preserve the best of the past.
保守党：中右翼政党，强调传统、私营企业和强大国防。记忆秘诀：“保存”传统——他们要保留过去的精华。
Labour Party party founded by trade unions, promoting social justice and public ownership. Memory tip: 'labour' = workers; the party of the working people.
工党：中左翼政党，由工会创立，倡导社会正义与公有制。记忆秘诀：“labour”意为劳动——劳动者的政党。
Left-wing: Ideology favouring equality, state intervention and progressive change. Memory tip: in the French Revolution, left‑wingers sat on the left – they pushed for change.
左翼：倾向平等、国家干预和进步变革的意识形态。记忆秘诀：法国大革命中，左翼坐在左边——他们力推变革。
Right-wing: Ideology favouring individual freedom, low taxes and limited government. Memory tip: the right preserves order – think 'right' as in staying the same.
右翼：倾向个人自由、低税收和有限政府的意识形态。记忆秘诀：右翼维护秩序——“右”意味着保持不变。
5. The UK Constitution and Sources | 英国宪法与渊源
Uncodified constitution: A constitution not found in a single written document; the UK's is drawn from statutes, common law and conventions. Memory tip: it's not one 'code' – more like a recipe book with scattered notes.
不成文宪法：非单一成文文件的宪法；英国宪法源自成文法、普通法和惯例。记忆秘诀：它不是一部“法典”——更像一本夹满散页的食谱。
Statute law: Laws passed by Parliament, e.g., the Human Rights Act 1998. Memory tip: 'statute' sounds like 'statue' – it's set in stone by Parliament.
成文法：议会通过的法律，例如《1998年人权法》。记忆秘诀：“statute”听起来像“雕像”——由议会刻在石头上。
Common law: Law developed through court judgments and precedents. Memory tip: 'common' law comes from judges' common sense over centuries.
普通法：通过法院判决和先例发展而来的法律。记忆秘诀：“普通法”来自法官数个世纪以来积累的常识。
Parliamentary sovereignty: The principle that Parliament is the supreme legal authority; it can make or repeal any law. Memory tip: Parliament is the 'sovereign' king of laws – nothing beats it.
议会主权：议会是最高法律权威的原则；它可以制定或废除任何法律。记忆秘诀：议会是法律的“君主”——无出其右。
6. Rights, Responsibilities and the Judiciary | 权利、责任与司法
Human Rights Act 1998: An Act that incorporated the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. Memory tip: think '1998 – rights weren't late' – a landmark year.
《1998年人权法》：将《欧洲人权公约》纳入英国法律的法案。记忆秘诀：想想“1998——权利没有迟到”——这是里程碑的一年。
Judicial review: A court process where a judge reviews the lawfulness of a public body's decision. Memory tip: judges 'review' government actions like an editor checking a draft.
司法审查：法官审查公共机构决定合法性的法庭程序。记忆秘诀：法官像编辑审稿一样“审查”政府行为。
Supreme Court: The highest court in the UK, which hears cases of constitutional importance. Memory tip: it's the 'supreme' pizza of justice – the top layer.
最高法院：英国最高级别的法院，审理具有宪法意义的案件。记忆秘诀：它是正义的“至尊”披萨——最顶层。
Civil liberties: Basic freedoms like speech and assembly, protected by law. Memory tip: 'civil' citizens enjoy liberties – it's the free breath of democracy.
公民自由：受法律保护的基本自由，如言论与集会自由。记忆秘诀：“文明”的公民享有自由——这是民主的自由空气。
7. Devolution and Local Governance | 权力下放与地方治理
Devolution: The transfer of certain powers from central government to regional assemblies, e.g., Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Memory tip: 'de-evolve' – power is devolved, not dissolved.
权力下放：中央政府将某些权力移交给地方议会，如苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。记忆秘诀：“向下演变”——权力下放而非消失。
Reserved powers: Matters kept by the UK Parliament, like defence and foreign policy. Memory tip: 'reserved' like a restaurant table – only Westminster can sit there.
保留权力：由英国议会保留的事项，如国防和外交政策。记忆秘诀：“保留”就像餐厅预订桌位——只有威斯敏斯特能落座。
Local authorities: Councils responsible for local services such as education and waste collection. Memory tip: they handle what's 'local' to your doorstep.
地方政府：负责教育、垃圾收集等地方服务的议会。记忆秘诀：他们处理你“家门口”的事务。
8. Citizenship, Identity and Immigration | 公民身份、认同与移民
Citizenship: Legal membership of a state, granting rights and imposing duties. Memory tip: 'city-zenship' – belonging to a political community.
公民身份：一个国家的法定成员资格，赋予权利并规定义务。记忆秘诀：“城市身份”——属于一个政治共同体。
Naturalisation: The legal process by which a non-citizen becomes a citizen. Memory tip: becoming 'natural' to your new country, like a plant rooting.
入籍：非公民成为公民的法律程序。记忆秘诀：像植物扎根一样，变得对你的新国家“自然”。
Asylum seeker: Someone who has fled their country and applied for protection, awaiting a decision. Memory tip: 'asylum' sounds like 'a safe home' – seeking safety.
寻求庇护者：逃离本国并申请保护、等待决定的人。记忆秘诀：“asylum”听起来像“一个安全之家”——寻求安全。
9. Pressure Groups and Social Movements | 压力团体与社会运动
Pressure group: An organisation that campaigns to influence government policy without seeking election. Memory tip: they apply 'pressure' like a steady hand pushing on a wall.
压力团体：旨在影响政府政策但不寻求当选的组织。记忆秘诀：他们像平稳的手推墙一样施加“压力”。
Insider group: A pressure group with access to government and policy-making circles. Memory tip: they have the 'inside' track, like a VIP pass.
内部团体：能够接触政府和决策圈的压力团体。记忆秘诀：他们拥有“内部”通道，就像VIP通行证。
Lobbying: Attempting to persuade politicians or public officials on a specific issue. Memory tip: originally people met politicians in the lobby – now it's formal persuasion.
游说：试图就特定问题说服政治人物或公职人员。记忆秘诀：最初人们在走廊（lobby）会见政治家——现在成了正式的劝说。
10. The Media and Public Opinion | 媒体与舆论
Mass media: Means of communication reaching large audiences, including TV, radio, newspapers and social media. Memory tip: 'mass' like massive reach – the massive voice.
大众传媒：面向广大受众的传播方式，包括电视、广播、报纸和社交媒体。记忆秘诀：“大众”意味着巨大覆盖面——巨大的声音。
Bias: Presenting information with a particular slant, often unfair. Memory tip: 'bias' sounds like 'bye-us' – favouring one side over us.
偏见：以特定倾向呈现信息，往往不公正。记忆秘诀：“bias”听起来像“拜拜我们”——偏袒一方。
Opinion poll: A survey measuring public attitudes, often used to predict election results. Memory tip: 'poll' like a polling station – asking a sample of people.
民意调查：衡量公众态度的调查，常用于预测选举结果。记忆秘诀：像投票站一样询问一拨人的意见。
11. Key Historical Documents and Developments | 关键历史文件与发展
Magna Carta 1215: A charter that established the principle that the king was subject to the law. Memory tip: 'Magna' great, 'Carta' paper – the great paper limiting the king.
《大宪章》1215年：确立了国王也应受法律约束原则的宪章。记忆秘诀：“Magna”伟大的，“Carta”纸——限制国王的伟大纸张。
Bill of Rights 1689: An act that limited royal power and set out parliamentary privileges. Memory tip: it gave Parliament the final 'bill' – the King had to pay respect.
《权利法案》1689年：限制王权并规定议会特权的一项法案。记忆秘诀：它给了议会最终的“账单”——国王必须买账。
Great Reform Act 1832: Extended the franchise and removed 'rotten boroughs'. Memory tip: '1832' – think 'one-eight-three-two, the vote breaks through'.
《1832年大改革法》：扩大选举权并废除“衰败选区”。记忆秘诀：“1832”——记作“一票突破重围”。
12. International Relations and the UK's Global Role | 国际关系与英国全球角色
United Nations (UN): An international organisation founded in 1945 to promote peace and cooperation. Memory tip: 'united nations' – nations sitting at one table.
联合国 (UN)：1945年成立的国际组织，旨在促进和平与合作。记忆秘诀：“联合”国家——各国围坐一桌。
NATO: A military alliance of North American and European countries based on collective defence. Memory tip: 'North Atlantic Treaty Organization' – an Atlantic shield.
北约：北美和欧洲国家基于集体防御的军事同盟。记忆秘诀：“北大西洋公约组织”——大西洋之盾。
Soft power: The ability to influence others through culture, values and diplomacy rather than military force. Memory tip: 'soft' like a velvet glove – persuasion, not coercion.
软实力：通过文化、价值观和外交而非军事力量影响他国的能力。记忆秘诀：“软”如天鹅绒手套——说服，而非胁迫。
Commonwealth: A voluntary association of 56 countries, mostly former British colonies. Memory tip: 'common wealth' – shared prosperity and history.
英联邦：一个由56个国家（多为前英国殖民地）组成的自愿联盟。记忆秘诀：“共同财富”——共享繁荣与历史。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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