📚 Year 10 Eduqas Psychology: Essential Vocabulary and Terminology Memorization Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Psychology is full of specialised terms that can feel like a new language. To do well in Year 10 Eduqas Psychology, you need more than just textbook definitions – you need memory tricks that make these words stick. This guide breaks down must-know vocabulary across biology, cognition, development, social influence, research methods and psychological problems, pairing each term with a simple mnemonic, root word or vivid image so you can recall it quickly in class and exams.
心理学充满了专业术语，初学时就像一门新语言。要在 Year 10 Eduqas 心理学中取得好成绩，光背课本定义是不够的——你需要能让这些词汇牢记不忘的记忆技巧。这份指南将生物心理学、认知、发展、社会影响、研究方法和心理健康等领域的关键术语拆解开来，为每个词搭配简单的助记法、词根或生动画面，让你在课堂和考试中快速提取。
1. Introduction to Memorization Strategies for Psychology Terms | 心理学术语记忆策略简介
Effective memorization turns abstract labels into mental hooks. Three techniques work especially well for psychology: chunking (grouping terms by topic), acronyms (turning first letters into a memorable word) and visual association (linking a word to a funny or exaggerated picture). For example, the stages of memory – Encoding, Storage, Retrieval – can be remembered as Every Smart Rat.
高效的记忆把抽象标签变成大脑钩子。有三种技巧对心理学特别管用：组块（按主题归类术语）、首字母缩略词（把首字母转换成好记的词）和视觉联想（把单词和搞笑或夸张的画面联系起来）。例如，记忆阶段——编码、存储、提取——可以记成 “每只聪明老鼠” 的首字母 ESR。
The root of a word also unlocks meaning. Greek 'psyche' (soul) + 'logos' (study) gives us psychology. Latin 'cognoscere' (to know) gives us cognition. When you learn a term, pause and ask: what does its name literally mean? That habit builds deep recall.
词根也能解开含义。希腊语 psyche（灵魂）+ logos（学问）构成了 psychology。拉丁语 cognoscere（知道）衍生出 cognition（认知）。每学一个术语，停下来问一问：它的名字字面意思是什么？这个习惯能建立深层记忆。
2. Biological Psychology: Neurons and Synapses | 生物心理学：神经元与突触
Neuron: a nerve cell that transmits information. Picture a tree – dendrites are branches receiving signals, and the axon is the long trunk sending the message. Remember: dendrite = detect and axon = action out.
神经元：传递信息的神经细胞。把它想象成一棵树——树突是接收信号的树枝，轴突是发出消息的长树干。记住：树突负责“检测”，轴突负责“输出动作”。
Synapse: the tiny gap between two neurons. Think of a synaptic gap as a river between two banks. Neurotransmitters are the boats that cross it. The word 'synapse' comes from Greek 'syn-' (together) + 'haptein' (to clasp) – literally clasping together.
突触：两个神经元之间的微小间隙。把突触间隙想象成两岸之间的一条河，神经递质就是过河的小船。synapse 一词源自希腊语 syn-（一起）+ haptein（扣住）——字面意思就是扣在一起。
Neurotransmitter: chemical messenger. Serotonin regulates mood – remember serene. Dopamine drives reward and pleasure – dope hit. When a neurotransmitter is reabsorbed, it is called reuptake – think of a vacuum cleaner sucking the chemical back up.
神经递质：化学信使。血清素调节情绪——联系 serene（宁静）记忆。多巴胺驱动奖励与愉悦——联想 dope hit（兴奋一击）。神经递质被重新吸收的过程叫再摄取——想象一台吸尘器把化学物质吸回去。
3. Biological Psychology: The Brain and Nervous System | 生物心理学：大脑与神经系统
Central nervous system (CNS) = brain + spinal cord. 'Central' tells you it is the command centre. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is everything else branching out – remember peripheral = perimeter.
中枢神经系统= 大脑 + 脊髓。“中枢”就告诉你它是指挥中心。外周神经系统是向外分支的其他部分——记住 peripheral 和 perimeter（边界）同源。
Frontal lobe: the brain's CEO, handling decision-making and personality. Prefrontal cortex matures last – imagine a teenager's unfinished 'thinking cap'. Amygdala: an almond-shaped structure ('amygdala' means almond in Greek) that processes fear; picture a tiny almond screaming to remember its role in emotion.
额叶：大脑的 CEO，负责决策和人格。前额皮质成熟最晚——想象一个青少你那顶未织完的“思考帽”。杏仁核：杏仁状结构（amygdala 在希腊语中意为杏仁），处理恐惧；想象一颗尖叫的小杏仁，就能记住它在情绪中的作用。
Sympathetic nervous system triggers fight-or-flight – sympathetic = survival mode. Parasympathetic nervous system restores calm – parasympathetic = peace. Your body slams the accelerator, then the brake; that is the autonomic seesaw.
交感神经系统启动战斗或逃跑——联想 survival mode（生存模式）。副交感神经系统恢复平静——联想 peace（和平）。身体先猛踩油门，再踩刹车；这就是自主神经的跷跷板。
4. Cognitive Psychology: Memory Processes | 认知心理学：记忆过程
Encoding: turning sensory input into a code the brain can store. En-CODE. Storage: keeping information over time – picture a warehouse. Retrieval: pulling information out – like a dog retrieving a ball. The multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) flows: sensory register → short-term memory → long-term memory.
编码：把感觉输入转化成大脑能储存的代码。En-CODE，就像输入代码。存储：信息随时间的保持——想象一个仓库（storage warehouse）。提取：把信息拉出来——像小狗把球捡回来（retrieve）。多储存模型（Atkinson & Shiffrin）的流程：感觉登记 → 短时记忆 → 长时记忆。
Short-term memory (STM): holds about 7±2 items for around 18 seconds without rehearsal. Chant '7 plus or minus 2' as a rhyme. Long-term memory (LTM): unlimited capacity and duration – long = lifelong. Rehearsal is repeating information to keep it active; elaborative rehearsal links new info to what you already know, making it stick far better.
短时记忆：不经过复述大约能保持 7±2 个项目，持续约 18 秒。把“7±2”当口诀念。长时记忆：容量与时长无限——long 联想 lifelong（一生）。复述是重复信息使其保持活跃；精细复述把新信息和你已知的联系起来，记忆效果要好得多。
| Memory Store | Capacity | Duration | Quick Memo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sensory Register | Very large | ½ second | Snapshot |
| STM | 7±2 chunks | 18-30 sec | Post-it note |
| LTM | Unlimited | Unlimited | Hard drive |
Memory store comparison – think snapshot, post-it, hard drive.
记忆存储比较——快照、便利贴、硬盘。
5. Cognitive Psychology: Perception and Sensory Processes | 认知心理学：感知与感觉过程
Sensation is raw data from senses; perception is the brain's interpretation. Sensation = sensing; perception = processing. Depth cues help us see 3D. Binocular cues need two eyes – 'bi' = two. Monocular cues work with one eye – 'mono' = one.
感觉是感觉器官的原始数据；知觉是大脑的解释。感觉英文 sensation 含 sense（觉察）；知觉 perception 含 process（处理）。深度线索帮我们看见三维。双眼线索需要两只眼睛——bi- 表示二。单眼线索用一只眼即可——mono- 表示一。
Retinal disparity: each eye sees a slightly different image; the brain fuses them. 'Disparity' = different pair. Convergence: eyes turn inward for close objects – 'converge' means come together. These are powerful binocular cues.
视网膜像差：每只眼看到略微不同的影像；大脑将它们融合。disparity 含不同 pair（对）之意。辐合：看近物时双眼内转——converge 即汇聚。这些都是强大的双眼线索。
Visual illusions trick the brain. In the Ponzo illusion, two identical lines appear different lengths because of converging background lines – the brain misapplies depth perception. Remember 'Ponzo = perspective play'.
视错觉欺骗大脑。在庞佐错觉中，两条等长的线因背景汇聚线看起来长度不同——大脑误用了深度知觉。记住“庞佐 = 透视游戏”。
Figure-ground: we separate a scene into the main object (figure) and background (ground). Think of a vase or two faces. Your brain flips between them.
图形-背景：我们把场景分成主体（图形）和背景。花瓶还是两张脸？大脑会在两者之间切换。
6. Developmental Psychology: Attachment and Early Development | 发展心理学：依恋与早期发展
Attachment: a deep emotional bond between infant and caregiver. It is built through reciprocity (turn-taking) and interactional synchrony (mirroring emotions and actions). Think of a dance where both partners move together.
依恋：婴儿与照料者之间深刻的情感纽带。它通过互惠（轮流式互动）和互动同步（镜像情绪和动作）建立起来。想象成两人共舞。
Secure attachment: child explores confidently, seeks comfort when stressed – the caregiver is a safe base. Insecure-avoidant: child ignores caregiver, little distress; insecure-resistant: child clings yet resists comfort. Remember these styles as Safe, Distant, Clingy.
安全型依恋：孩子自信探索，焦虑时寻求安慰——照料者是一个安全基地。不安全-回避型：孩子忽视照料者，很少表现痛苦；不安全-反抗型：孩子紧黏却又抗拒安抚。把这三种风格记作：安全型、疏远型、黏人型。
Strange Situation (Ainsworth): a structured observation to assess attachment type. Eight episodes, including separations and reunions. The key is reunion behaviour – how the child reacts when the caregiver returns tells you the attachment style.
陌生情境法（Ainsworth）：评估依恋类型的结构式观察。共八个片段，包括分离和重聚。关键看重聚行为——照料者回来时孩子的反应揭示依恋风格。
Schema (Piaget): a mental framework that helps us organise information. Babies build schemas through assimilation (fitting new info into existing schemas) and accommodation (changing schemas to fit new info). 'A-Assim = Add to schema; A-Accom = Amend schema.'
图式（皮亚杰）：帮助我们组织信息的心理框架。婴儿通过同化（把新信息纳入现有图式）和顺应（改变图式以适应新信息）建构图式。记法：“同化 = 添加；顺应 = 修改”。
7. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity: changing behaviour or beliefs to match a group. Normative social influence is about wanting to be liked – norm = fitting in. Informational social influence is about wanting to be right – info = checking facts.
从众：改变行为或信念以匹配群体。规范式社会影响源于想要被喜欢——规范就是合群。信息式社会影响源于想要正确——信息就是查证事实。
Obedience: following a direct order from an authority figure. Milgram's study showed that ordinary people can shock a learner when ordered – 'Obedience = order'. The agentic state is when you see yourself as an agent of someone else's will; shifting responsibility frees you to obey.
服从：听从权威人物的直接命令。米尔格拉姆实验显示普通人在被命令时会对学习者施加电击——服从英文 obedience 含 obey（遵从）。代理状态是指你把自己看作他人意志的执行者；责任转移让你能够服从。
Autonomous state: feeling in control of your own actions. Move from autonomous to agentic – and obedience rises. 'Auto = self-control'.
自主状态：感觉自己的行动由自己掌控。从自主状态转入代理状态，服从就会上升。Auto- = 自我。
Dispositional factors (personality) also matter. Authoritarian personality (Adorno) is linked to strict upbringing and a tendency to obey without question – think 'authoritarian = absolute authority'.
性格因素也很重要。权威主义人格（阿多诺）与严格教养和盲从倾向有关——联想“权威即绝对权威”。
8. Research Methods: Key Concepts | 研究方法：关键概念
Independent variable (IV): the factor you manipulate. 'I change the Independent'. Dependent variable (DV): the factor you measure. 'Dependent – Dat a Depends on my change'. Always start a write-up by identifying IV and DV.
自变量：你操纵的因素。I change the Independent ——我改变自变量。因变量：你测量的因素。Dependent，数据取决于我的改变。任何答题都要先找出 IV 和 DV。
Null hypothesis: predicts no effect or relationship. Written as 'there will be no significant difference...' Alternative hypothesis (experimental): predicts a difference. 'Null = zero effect'.
零假设：预测没有效应或关系。写成“不会存在显著差异……”。备择假设（实验性）预测有差异。Null = 零。
Experimental design: independent groups (different people in each condition), repeated measures (same people in all conditions), matched pairs (people matched on key traits). Quick check: Independent = different people; Repeated = same people; Matched = similar pairs.
实验设计：独立分组（每组不同人）、重复测量（相同人参加所有条件）、配对组（按关键特征配对）。速记：独立 = 不同人；重复 = 相同人；配对 = 相似对。
| Design | Main problem | Memory trick |
|---|---|---|
| Independent groups | Participant variables | Different people, different traits |
| Repeated measures | Order effects | Practice or boredom |
| Matched pairs | Time-consuming matching | Twins but not quite |
Experimental design pitfalls – know them for evaluation questions.
实验设计陷阱——评价题必知。
9. Psychological Problems: Key Terms | 心理健康问题：关键术语
Addiction: a compulsive need to use a substance or engage in an activity despite harmful consequences. Dependence can be physical (body needs it to function) or psychological (craving). 'Dependence = deep anchor'.
成瘾：尽管有害后果仍强迫性地使用物质或参与活动。依赖可以是身体依赖（身体需要它才能正常运作）或心理依赖（渴求）。依赖如同深锚。
Withdrawal: unpleasant symptoms when a dependent person stops using a substance. Think of 'withdraw = pull away and feel awful'. Tolerance: needing more to get the same effect – 'tolerance = tougher to feel'.
戒断：依赖者停止使用物质时出现的不适症状。withdraw 本意撤回，戒断也是“撤离”后的难受。耐受性：需要更多才能获得相同效果——越耐越难感。
Depression: a mood disorder characterised by persistent low mood and loss of pleasure. Anhedonia is the inability to feel joy – 'an-' (without) + 'hedone' (pleasure). The cognitive triad (Beck): negative views of self, world and future. Picture a dark trio.
抑郁症：以持续情绪低落和快感缺失为特征的心境障碍。快感缺失就是 inability to feel joy——an-（无）+ hedone（快乐）。贝克的认知三联：对自己、世界和未来的消极看法。想象黑暗三重奏。
Genetic explanation: depression can run in families; neurochemical explanation: low serotonin is linked to depression. A simple mnemonic: 'Low SERO, low mood.'
遗传解释：抑郁可能在家族中遗传；神经化学解释：低血清素与抑郁有关。一个简单口诀：“血清素低，情绪就低。”
10. Revision Hacks: Acronyms and Visual Aids for All Topics | 复习技巧：全部主题的首字母缩略词与视觉辅助
Create acronyms for sequences. For memory stages: ESR – Encoding, Storage, Retrieval. For Piaget's stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational): Some People Can’t Focus. The sillier the sentence, the better.
为首尾序列创造缩略词。记忆阶段：ESR（编码、存储、提取）。皮亚杰认知发展阶段（感知运动、前运算、具体运算、形式运算）：首字母 SPF Cf ——可以用“孙鹏飞 吃饭”等古怪句子，越可笑记得越牢。
Draw dual-coding notes: combine a word with a sketch. For sympathetic nervous system, draw a racing heart labelled 'fight or flight'. For synaptic transmission, draw a key fitting into a lock with a chemical boat crossing a gap. The brain remembers images far better than words alone.
画双重编码笔记：把文字和简图结合。比如交感神经系统，画一颗狂跳的心并标注“战斗或逃跑”。突触传递，画一把钥匙插入锁孔，河上漂着化学小船。大脑对图像的记忆远胜于纯文字。
Use the method of loci: imagine placing terms in familiar places. Walk through your bedroom mentally: the bed is attachment (secure base), the mirror is conformity (reflecting the group), the window is perception (how you see the world). Practising retrieval in this way builds exam-ready recall.
使用地点记忆法：想象把术语放在熟悉的地点。在心里走过你的卧室：床是依恋（安全基地），镜子是从众（映照群体），窗户是知觉（你看世界的方式）。这样练习提取能构建考试时的快速回忆。
Finally, teach the terms to someone else. When you explain interactional synchrony to a friend using a dance metaphor, you are engaging elaborative rehearsal – the most powerful memory tool in psychology itself.
最后，把术语讲给别人听。当你用舞蹈比喻向朋友解释互动同步时，就是在进行精细复述——这本身就是心理学最强大的记忆工具。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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