📚 Year 11 Edexcel Sociology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorise Guide | Edexcel 社会学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering sociological vocabulary is your shortcut to top marks in Edexcel GCSE Sociology. This revision guide uses contrast pairs, vivid examples, and memorable clues to turn abstract terms into durable knowledge. You will move from simply recalling definitions to applying them with confidence across families, education, crime, stratification and research methods.
掌握社会学术语是你 Edexcel GCSE 社会学取得高分的捷径。这份复习指南利用对比配对、生动实例和易记线索，把抽象术语转化为持久的认识。你将从简单回忆定义过渡到在家庭、教育、犯罪、分层和研究方法等议题中自信地运用它们。
1. Core Sociological Concepts & Key Perspectives | 社会学核心概念与关键视角
Social structure is the organised framework of institutions and relationships that shapes society – like the skeleton of the body. In contrast, social process refers to the dynamic interactions and changes that happen within that structure, such as socialisation or labelling.
社会结构 是塑造社会的制度与关系的有组织框架，好比人体的骨架。与之相对，社会过程 指发生在该结构内部的动态互动与变化，例如社会化或标签化。
Remember the division of perspectives: Functionalism pictures society as a system of interrelated parts working in harmony (consensus). Marxism sees society as divided by class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Feminism highlights gender inequality, while interactionism focuses on small-scale, everyday meanings.
记住视角的分野：功能主义 将社会描绘为一个相互关联的部分和谐运作的系统（共识）。马克思主义 视社会为资产阶级与无产阶级之间的阶级冲突所分裂。女性主义 突显性别不平等，而互动论 关注小范围、日常的意义建构。
A quick contrast: structural perspectives (like functionalism and Marxism) see individuals as shaped by the social system, while social action perspectives (interactionism) emphasise that individuals create society through their actions.
快速对比：结构视角（如功能主义与马克思主义）认为个体被社会系统所塑造，而社会行动视角（互动论）强调个体通过自身行动创造社会。
2. Research Design & Methodology Terms | 研究设计与方法论术语
Primary data is information collected first-hand by the researcher for a specific purpose (e.g. questionnaires they design). Secondary data statistics). Pair them: primary = your own fresh evidence; secondary = borrowed evidence.
一手数据 是研究者为特定目的而亲自收集的信息（如他们设计的问卷）。二手数据 是他人已经收集好的信息（例如官方统计）。配对记忆：一手 = 你自己的新鲜证据；二手 = 借来的证据。
Qualitative data deals with meanings, words and depth (rich in detail), while quantitative data tterns (quick to compare). Recall: quality = descriptive feel; quantity = numerical count.
定性数据 涉及意义、文字与深度（细节丰富），而定量数据 涉及数字和统计模式（便于比较）。记忆：质量 = 描述感受；数量 = 数字计数。
Validity asks: does the research give a true picture of reality? Reliability asks: if the study is repeated, will the same results be obtained? A handy rhyme: 'Valid is true, reliable means repeatable too.'
效度 问的是：研究是否呈现了现实的真实图景？信度 问的是：如果研究被重复，是否会得到相同结果？一个顺口溜：真实看效度，重复靠信度。
Representativeness means the sample mirrors the wider population; generalisability is the extent to which findings can be applied to that population. A representative sample is like a mini-me of society.
代表性 指样本能映照出更广泛的人口特征；可推广性 则是研究结果能被应用于该总体的程度。一个有代表性的样本像是社会的缩小版。
3. Families Key Terms | 家庭关键术语
Nuclear family – two generations: parents and their children living together. Extended family – nuclear core. Think nuclear = compact core; extended = branches added to the family tree.
核心家庭——父母与孩子两代人同住。扩展家庭——三代或三代以上，或具有核心家庭之外的亲属。联想：核心 = 紧凑的内核；扩展 = 家谱上增添了枝桠。
Reconstituted family (or blended family) is formed when adults enter a new partnership and bring children from previous relationships. Symmetrical family (Young and Willmott) describes a family where roles and responsibilities are shared more equally between husband and wife.
重组家庭（或称混合家庭）由成年人进入新的伴侣关系且携带此前子女所组成。对称家庭（杨与威尔莫特）描述的是夫妻之间角色与责任更为平等分担的家庭形式。
Segregated conjugal roles – husband and wife have clearly separate tasks and leisure. Joint conjugal roles – couples share housework, childcare and decision-making. Picture segregated with a dividing wall; joint with a shared table.
分离式婚姻角色——夫妻双方任务与休闲严格分开。联合式婚姻角色——夫妻分担家务、育儿与决策。想象分离式有一堵隔墙；联合式则有一张共用桌子。
Patriarchal family – male-dominated power structure. Matrifocal family – , often in lone-parent families. Link: patriarch = father rule; matrifocal = mother focus.
父权家庭——男性主导的权力结构。母主家庭——以母亲为中心，常见于单亲家庭。联想：父权 = 父亲统治；母主 = 母亲聚焦。
4. Education Terminology | 教育术语
Formal curriculum – the planned, timetabled subjects taught in schools. Hidden curriculum – Think: formal = the lesson plan you see; hidden = the values you absorb without noticing.
正式课程——学校中计划好的、有课表的学科教学。隐藏课程——通过学校日常惯例学到的、关于规范、价值和服从的非书面、非正式课程。联想：正式 = 你看到的教案；隐藏 = 你无意间吸收的价值观。
Labelling occurs when a teacher attaches a definition to a student ('troublemaker' or 'high achiever'), often shaping future behaviour. Self-fulfilling prophecy is when the label is internalised and the student acts according to it, making the prediction come true.
标签化 发生在教师给学生贴上某种定义（“捣蛋鬼”或“优等生”）时，这往往会塑造日后的行为。自我实现预言 则是当学生内化了标签并按其行事，使预测成真。
Material deprivation refers to a lack of physical resources (poverty, poor housing) that hinders educational success. Cultural deprivation A quick contrast: material = lacking stuff; cultural = lacking the right cultural toolkit.
物质剥夺 指缺乏妨害教育成功的物质资源（贫困、简陋住房）。文化剥夺 指缺乏学校所重视的态度、语言和知识。快速对比：物质 = 缺东西；文化 = 缺正确的文化工具箱。
Marketisation of education introduces competition, league tables and parental choice, turning schools into businesses. League tables rank schools by exam results, influencing reputation. These policies act like a market scoreboard.
教育市场化 引入了竞争、排名榜和家长选择，将学校变为企业。学校排名表 按考试成绩给学校排位，影响声誉。这些政策就像市场的记分牌。
5. Crime and Deviance Terms | 犯罪与越轨术语
Deviance is behaviour that breaks social norms but may not be illegal (e.g. burping loudly). Crime is a specific type of deviance that breaks formal laws. Remember: all crime is deviant, but not all deviance is criminal.
越轨 是违反社会规范但未必违法的行为（如大声打嗝）。犯罪 是一种违反正式法律的特定越轨类型。记住：所有犯罪都是越轨，但并非所有越轨都是犯罪。
Formal social control is exercised by official agencies (police, courts, prisons). Informal social control comes from family, peers and community through approval, criticism or shame. Picture formal as a uniformed officer; informal as a raised eyebrow from a parent.
正式社会控制 由官方机构（警察、法院、监狱）实施。非正式社会控制 来自家庭、同伴和社区，通过认可、批评或羞耻感起作用。联想：正式好比穿制服的警官；非正式好比家长挑起眉毛。
Anomie (Merton) is a state of normlessness where the accepted goals and means become mismatched, leading to strain. White-collar crime en financial and discrete. Think anomie = broken rulebook; white-collar = crime in a suit.
失范（默顿）是一种规范缺失的状态，公认的目标与手段脱节，从而产生压力。白领犯罪（萨瑟兰）指高地位职业人士所犯的罪行，常为金融类且隐蔽。联想：失范 = 规则手册坏了；白领 = 西装下的犯罪。
Moral panic (Cohen) is an exaggerated public reaction to a perceived threat, often amplified by the media. Deviancy amplification occurs when a targeted group is labelled as deviant, leading to increased control and actually more deviance. Think snowball effect of panic and labelling.
道德恐慌（科恩）是对感知到的威胁所做出的夸大公众反应，常被媒体放大。越轨放大 指被针对的群体被贴上越轨标签，导致控制增强，反而加剧了越轨行为。想象恐慌与标签化的滚雪球效应。
6. Social Stratification Vocabulary | 社会分层词汇
Social stratification is the hierarchical layering of society based on factors like class, gender and ethnicity. It is like geology: strata are layers of rock, and in society people are arranged in layers of inequality.
社会分层 是基于阶级、性别和族裔等因素的社会等级层级。如同地质学：地层是层层岩石，而社会中人们被安排在不平等的层级中。
Life chances (Weber) refer to an individual's opportunities for accessing valued resources such as health, education and wealth. Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups between social strata. Intergenerational mobility compares parents' and children's positions; intragenerational mobility tracks change within one lifetime.
生活机会（韦伯）指个人获取健康、教育和财富等有价值资源的机会。社会流动 是个体或群体在社会层级间的移动。代际流动比较父母与子女的位置；代内流动追踪个人一生中的变化。
Ascribed status is fixed at birth (e.g. royal title). Achieved status is earned through personal effort (e.g. becoming a doctor). Memory aid: Ascribed = assigned; Achieved = accomplished.
先赋地位 在出生时即已固定（如王室头衔）。自致地位 通过个人努力获得（如成为医生）。记忆提示：先赋 = 被赋予的；自致 = 自己取得的。
Absolute poverty is a severe lack of basic necessities for survival – food, water, shelter. Relative poverty ng in a society. Contrast: absolute = cannot survive; relative = cannot participate fully.
绝对贫困 是严重缺乏生存所需的基本必需品——食物、水、住所。相对贫困 是相对于社会平均生活水平而言的贫穷。对比：绝对 = 无法生存；相对 = 无法充分参与。
7. Socialisation, Culture & Identity | 社会化、文化与身份
Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood, mainly within the family, teaching basic norms and values. Secondary socialisation happens later through agents like schools, media and peer groups. The family builds the foundation; schools and media add the walls and windows.
初级社会化 发生在幼儿期，主要在家庭中，传授基本规范与价值。次级社会化 稍后通过学校、媒体和同伴群体等中介发生。家庭打下地基；学校和媒体添上墙壁和窗户。
Culture is the shared way of life of a society, including language, beliefs, customs and values. Subculture is a smaller group within culture that holds distinct norms and values (e.g. youth subcultures). Culture is the ocean; subcultures are unique currents within it.
文化 是一个社会共享的生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗与价值。亚文化 是文化内部一个拥有独特规范与价值的较小群体（如青年亚文化）。文化是海洋；亚文化是其中独特的洋流。
Norms are unwritten rules of behaviour (queuing, saying 'please'). Values are deeper beliefs about what is right or important (honesty, privacy). Norms are the visible actions; values are the deeper reasons behind them.
规范 是不成文的行为规则（排队、说“请”）。价值 是关于什么是对的或重要的更深层次信念（诚实、隐私）。规范是看得见的行动；价值是驱动它们的深层理由。
Identity is how we see ourselves and how others see us; it can involve ethnicity, gender, class and age. Hybrid identity combines elements from different cultural backgrounds, reflecting today's globalised world.
身份 是我们如何看待自己以及他人如何看待我们；可涉及族裔、性别、阶级和年龄。混合身份 融合了不同文化背景的元素，反映出当今全球化世界的特点。
8. Quick Contrast Pairs & Memory Hacks | 快速对比配对与记忆窍门
Use 'mirror pairs' to avoid confusion. When you learn one term, immediately link it to its opposite or contrasting concept. For example: formal / informal control, primary / secondary socialisation, qualitative / quantitative. This turns fragile memory into a sturdy two-sided coin.
运用“镜像配对”避免混淆。学习一个术语时，立即将其与对立或对比概念相联系，如：正式 / 非正式控制、初级 / 次级社会化、定性 / 定量。这能把脆弱记忆变成结实的双面硬币。
m = meaning-making in daily life. Say it three times, and your brain will retain the framework.
对于理论视角，念一个简短口诀：功能主义 = 和谐与共识；马克思主义 = 冲突与阶级；女性主义 = 性别权力；互动论 = 日常生活意义建构。吟诵三遍，大脑便会记住框架。
For research concepts, remember the 'R-V-R' triangle: Reliability (repeat), Validity (true), Representativeness (mirror). If a study is reliable but not valid, it's like a broken scale that always gives the same wrong weight.
对于研究概念，记住“R-V-R”三角：信度（可重复）、效度（真实）、代表性（镜像）。如果一个研究信度高但效度低，就像一台总是显示同样错误重量的秤。
To recall family diversity, list Rapoport and Rapoport's five types: organisational, cultural, class, life-cycle and cohort. Create a sentence: 'Only Clever Cats Love Chasing.' It's silly, but it sticks.
要回忆 家庭多样性，列出拉波波特夫妇的五种类型：组织、文化、阶级、生命周期和同辈群。编个句子：“聪明猫咪爱追逐”，看似古怪却记得住。
For stratification theories, link Marx to 'means of production' and 'polarisation of classes', and Weber to 'market position' and 'status groups'. The mnemonic 'Marx owns the factory; Weber buys in the market' helps seal the distinction.
对于分层理论，将马克思联系到“生产资料”和“阶级两极分化”，韦伯联系到“市场地位”和“地位群体”。口诀“马克思手握工厂；韦伯市场选择”有助于刻下区别。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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