📚 Year 10 Eduqas Economics: Unit Test Mock Paper Analysis | Year 10 Eduqas 经济：单元测试模拟卷解析
This mock paper analysis is designed to help Year 10 students consolidate their understanding of the first topics in the Eduqas GCSE Economics specification. By working through typical exam-style questions and detailed explanations, you will become familiar with the command words, mark allocations, and key concepts that appear in your unit tests. Use this guide to self-assess, identify gaps, and build confidence before your next assessment.
本模拟卷解析旨在帮助 Year 10 学生巩固对 Eduqas GCSE 经济课程开局部分的理解。通过典型考题和详细讲解，你将熟悉单元测试中常见的指令词、分值分配以及核心概念。你可以利用这篇指南进行自我评估、发现薄弱环节，并在下一次评估前树立信心。
1. Mock Paper Structure and Topics | 模拟卷结构与考点
A typical Year 10 unit test for Eduqas Economics lasts 45 minutes and carries 40 marks. It covers introductory microeconomics: the basic economic problem, factors of production, demand and supply, equilibrium, price elasticity, market failures, and government intervention. Question types include multiple-choice, short-answer definitions, diagram drawing, calculations, and one data-response task.
典型的 Year 10 Eduqas 经济单元测试时长 45 分钟，总分 40 分。考查内容为微观经济学基础：基本经济问题、生产要素、需求与供给、均衡、价格弹性、市场失灵以及政府干预。题型包括选择题、简答定义题、作图题、计算题和一道数据分析题。
2. Question 1: Scarcity and Choice | 问题1：稀缺性与选择
Question: Define the term 'scarcity' and explain why choices must be made. (4 marks)
题目：定义“稀缺性”并解释为什么必须做出选择。（4分）
Scarcity describes the fundamental economic problem: finite resources are unable to satisfy infinite human wants. Because not everything we desire can be produced, economic agents – individuals, firms, and governments – face trade-offs. Every choice involves an opportunity cost, which is the value of the next best alternative sacrificed.
稀缺性描述了根本的经济问题：有限的资源无法满足无限的人类欲望。由于无法生产出所有我们想要的物品，经济主体——个人、企业和政府——都面临权衡取舍。每一个选择都涉及机会成本，即所放弃的次优选择的价值。
A strong answer states that scarcity forces society to answer three key questions: what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. Adding an example, such as a government choosing between building a hospital or a motorway, demonstrates application.
一个优质的答案会指出稀缺性迫使社会回答三个关键问题：生产什么、如何生产、为谁生产。若能举例说明，比如政府在建造医院还是公路之间做选择，则展现出应用能力。
3. Question 2: Factors of Production | 问题2：生产要素
Question: Identify the four factors of production and give one example of each. (4 marks)
题目：指出生产的四种要素并各举一例。（4分）
The four factors are land, labour, capital, and enterprise. Land covers all natural resources – for instance, crude oil, forests, or water. Labour represents human effort, both physical and mental; a nurse, a teacher, or a software developer are typical examples. Capital refers to man-made goods used in production, such as factory machinery, tools, and delivery vehicles. Enterprise is the ability to combine the other three factors and bear risk; an entrepreneur who starts a restaurant embodies this factor.
四种要素是土地、劳动、资本和企业家才能。土地涵盖所有自然资源，例如原油、森林或水。劳动代表人的努力，包括体力和脑力；护士、教师或软件开发者都是典型例子。资本指用于生产的人造物品，如工厂机器、工具和运输车辆。企业家才能是将其他三种要素结合起来并承担风险的能力；一位开餐厅的企业家便体现了这一要素。
Students often confuse capital with money. In economics, capital means physical capital goods, not financial capital. Emphasising this distinction can help secure the marks.
学生经常将资本与金钱混淆。在经济学中，资本指的是实物资本品，而非金融资本。强调这一区分有助于拿到分数。
4. Question 3: Demand and Supply Diagram | 问题3：需求与供给图示
Question: Draw a demand and supply diagram to illustrate the effect of a breakthrough technology that lowers production costs in the smartphone market. Label the original and new equilibrium price and quantity. (6 marks)
题目：绘制一幅需求与供给图，展示一项降低智能手机生产成本的技术突破所带来的影响。标出原均衡和新均衡的价格与数量。（6分）
The correct diagram shows a rightward shift of the supply curve (S to S₁). The demand curve remains unchanged. The equilibrium price falls from P to P₁, and the equilibrium quantity increases from Q to Q₁. All axes must be labelled: 'Price (£)' on the vertical axis and 'Quantity (units)' on the horizontal axis. Supply and demand curves must be clearly labelled, and the new equilibrium intersection should be indicated with dotted lines to the axes.
正确的图示显示供给曲线向右平移（S 至 S₁）。需求曲线保持不变。均衡价格从 P 降至 P₁，均衡数量从 Q 增至 Q₁。两个轴都必须标注：纵轴为“价格（£）”，横轴为“数量（单位）”。供给与需求曲线需清晰标注，新的均衡点应用虚线连接至两轴。
To access full marks, students must explain the shift: technology reduces unit costs, so producers are willing to supply more at every price level.
要取得满分，学生必须解释平移原因：技术降低了单位成本，因此生产者在每一个价格水平都愿意供应更多产品。
5. Question 4: Price Elasticity of Demand | 问题4：需求的价格弹性
Question: A local cinema reduces its ticket price from £10 to £8. As a result, the number of tickets sold rises from 500 to 700 per week. Calculate the price elasticity of demand (PED). Show your working. (4 marks)
题目：一家本地影院将票价从 10 英镑降至 8 英镑。结果，每周售票数量从 500 张上升至 700 张。计算需求的价格弹性（PED），并写出计算过程。（4分）
centage change in quantity demanded = ( (700 - 500) ÷ 500 ) × 100 = (200 ÷ 500) × 100 = 40%. Percentage change in price = ( (8 - 10) ÷ 10 ) × 100 = (-2 ÷ 10) × 100 = -20%. Then PED = %ΔQd ÷ %ΔP = 40% ÷ -20% 0. Ignoring the sign, the PED value is 2.0, which is elastic because it is greater than 1.
需求量的百分比变化 = ( (700 - 500) ÷ 500 ) × 100 = (200 ÷ 500) × 100 = 40%。价格的百分比变化 = ( (8 - 10) ÷ 10 ) × 100 = (-2 ÷ 10) × 100 = -20%。因此 PED = %ΔQd ÷ %ΔP = 40% ÷ -20% = -2.0。忽略负号，PED 值为 2.0，属于富有弹性，因为大于 1。
A common error is dividing the change by the new value instead of the original value. Sticking to the original price and quantity as the denominator is the expected method at GCSE.
一个常见错误是用变化量除以新值而不是原值。在 GCSE 阶段，预期的方法是始终以原价和原量作为分母。
6. Question 5: Market Equilibrium and Combined Changes | 问题5：市场均衡与联合变动
Question: Explain how a fall in consumers' incomes together with an improvement in production technology would affect the equilibrium price and quantity in the market for normal goods. (6 marks)
题目：解释消费者收入下降与生产技术改进同时发生，将如何影响正常品市场的均衡价格和数量。（6分）
A normal good experiences a decrease in demand when incomes fall, shifting the demand curve to the left (D to D₁). Improved technology increases supply, shifting the supply curve to the right (S to S₁). Both shifts exert downward pressure on price, so equilibrium price will definitely fall. The effect on quantity, however, depends on the relative magnitudes of the shifts. If the increase in supply is larger than the decrease in demand, quantity rises; if the opposite, quantity falls. The diagram should show both shifts and possible outcomes.
正常品在收入下降时需求减少，需求曲线向左平移（D 至 D₁）。技术进步增加了供给，供给曲线向右平移（S 至 S₁）。这两个变动都对价格形成下行压力，因此均衡价格一定下降。但对数量的影响取决于两个平移的相对幅度。如果供给增加大于需求减少，数量上升；反之则数量下降。作图时应展示两条曲线的平移以及可能的结果。
When writing an explanation, use the terms 'decrease in demand' for the leftward demand shift and 'increase in supply' for the rightward supply shift. Avoid saying 'demand goes down the curve', as that confuses a movement along with a shift.
写解释时，要用“需求减少”描述需求曲线左移，用“供给增加”描述供给曲线右移。避免说“需求沿曲线下降”，以免混淆沿着曲线的移动和曲线本身的平移。
7. Question 6: Negative Externalities of Production | 问题6：生产的负外部性
Question: Using the example of a factory that discharges waste into a river, explain what is meant by a negative externality of production. (4 marks)
题目：以一家向河流排放废水的工厂为例，解释什么是生产的负外部性。（4分）
A negative externality of production occurs when the production process imposes costs on third parties who are not compensated. In this case, the factory releases chemicals into the river, polluting the water. Fishermen downstream lose their catch, and local residents may face health risks from contaminated water. These external costs are not reflected in the factory's supply decisions, so the market price is lower and output is higher than the socially optimal level. This results in market failure.
生产的负外部性发生在生产过程给未获得补偿的第三方带来成本时。在本例中，工厂向河流排放化学物质，污染了水源。下游渔民失去了渔获，当地居民可能因受污染的水而面临健康风险。这些外部成本并未反映在工厂的供给决策中，因此市场价格低于社会最优水平，产量却高于社会最优水平，导致市场失灵。
To strengthen the answer, draw a diagram where the social cost curve lies above the private cost curve, and show the welfare loss triangle.
要增强答案，可以画图表示社会成本曲线位于私人成本曲线上方，并标出福利损失三角形。
8. Question 7: Government Intervention – Indirect Taxes | 问题7：政府干预——间接税
Question: Evaluate the use of an indirect tax on sugary drinks to correct market failure. (6 marks)
题目：评价对含糖饮料征收间接税以纠正市场失灵的做法。（6分）
An indirect tax raises the cost of production, shifting the supply curve to the left. This increases the price to consumers and reduces the quantity consumed, thereby lowering the external costs associated with obesity and diabetes. The government also gains tax revenue that can fund healthcare campaigns. However, such a tax is regressive – it takes a larger proportion of income from low-income households. There may also be cross-border shopping and a shift towards other unhealthy substitutes. A balanced answer recognises both the internalisation of externalities and the real-world limitations.
间接税会提高生产成本，使供给曲线向左平移，进而推高消费者支付的价格，减少消费量，从而降低与肥胖和糖尿病相关的外部成本。政府还能获得税收收入，用于资助健康宣传活动。然而，这种税是累退的——它会占低收入家庭收入的更大比例。此外，还可能引发跨境购物和转向其他不健康替代品的现象。一份平衡的答案既承认外部性被内部化，也认识到现实中的局限。
For evaluation marks, you should reach a justified conclusion, such as: 'While the tax can be effective in reducing consumption, it should be combined with education and subsidies for healthier alternatives to be equitable.'
要拿到评价分，需要给出有依据的结论，例如：“虽然该税可以有效减少消费，但应与教育和健康替代品补贴相结合，才能做到公平。”
9. Question 8: Data Response – Housing Market | 问题8：数据分析——住房市场
Study the data and answer the question that follows.
研究数据并回答以下问题。
| Year | Average House Price (£) | Average Annual Income (£) |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 250,000 | 30,000 |
| 2022 | 300,000 | 32,000 |
Question: Using the data, explain one possible reason why house prices increased between 2020 and 2022. (4 marks)
题目：利用数据，解释 2020 年至 2022 年间房价上涨的一个可能原因。（4分）
The data shows that incomes rose from £30,000 to £32,000 – an increase of 6.7%. Since housing is a normal good, higher incomes boost purchasing power and increase demand for houses. This rightward demand shift, combined with a relatively fixed supply of housing in the short run, pushes the equilibrium price upwards. Use the figures: the house price increased by 20% (£250,000 → £ uggesting other factors like low interest rates or speculative demand may also be at play.
数据显示，收入从 30,000 英镑上升到 32,000 英镑，增幅为 6.7%。由于住房是正常品，更高的收入提升了购买力，增加了对住房的需求。需求曲线右移，再加上短期内住房供给相对固定，推动了均衡价格上涨。引用数据：房价上涨了 20%（£250,000 → £300,000），明显大于收入增幅，表明低利率或投机性需求等其他因素也可能在起作用。
A top-band response will also consider the supply side: housing supply in many areas is price inelastic due to planning restrictions, so even a modest demand rise can cause sharp price increases.
高分答案还会考虑供给方面：由于规划限制，许多地区的住房供给缺乏价格弹性，因此即便需求温和上升，也会导致价格大幅上涨。
10. Common Mistakes and Exam Tips | 常见错误与应试技巧
1. Confusing movements along a curve with shifts. A price change causes a movement along the curve (contraction/expansion), while a change in a condition of demand or supply (e.g., income, costs) shifts the entire curve. Use precise phrases like 'increase in demand' for a rightward shift, not 'a move down the demand curve'.
1. 混淆沿曲线移动与曲线平移。价格变化导致沿曲线移动（收缩/扩张），而需求或供给条件的变化（如收入、成本）则使整条曲线平移。应使用精确的表述，如用“需求增加”表示曲线右移，而非“沿需求曲线下移”。
2. Calculation errors in PED. Always use the original price and quantity as the denominator for percentage changes. Double-check your arithmetic and remember to ignore the negative sign when stating whether demand is elastic or inelastic.
2. PED 的计算错误。计算百分比变化时，始终以原价和原量为分母。检查运算，并且在判断弹性还是非弹性时，记得忽略负号。
3. Incomplete diagram labelling. Many marks are awarded for axes labels, equilibrium points, and clear indication of shifts. Never forget to write 'Price' and 'Quantity' on the correct axes, and use arrows to show the direction of shift.
3. 图示标注不完整。坐标轴标签、均衡点以及清晰的平移标注都能获得大量分数。切勿忘记在正确的轴上标注“价格”和“数量”，并用箭头标出平移方向。
4. Weak evaluation in 6-mark questions. Evaluation requires weighing up both sides and reaching a supported conclusion. Sentence starters such as 'However, it depends on…' or 'In the long run…' can help you build a balanced argument.
4. 6分题中的评价薄弱。评价需要权衡两方面，并得出有依据的结论。诸如“然而，这取决于……”或“从长期来看……”的句式有助于构建平衡的论述。
5. Not using the data in data-response questions. When questions say 'using the data', you must quote numbers from the table to support your explanation. Analysis without data references will be capped at low marks.
5. 数据分析题中未使用数据。当题目要求
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