📚 Eduqas Economics Year 10 Glossary & Memorisation Guide | Eduqas 经济 十年级 词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential revision companion for Year 10 Eduqas Economics. This guide breaks down the key terms and concepts you need to know, pairing clear definitions with practical memory prompts. Use it to build confidence and secure top marks in your assessments.
欢迎来到 Year 10 Eduqas 经济学的核心备考助手。本指南拆解你需掌握的关键术语与概念，将清晰的定义与实用记忆提示相结合。用它来建立自信，确保在考核中取得高分。
1. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺性与选择
Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem: finite resources cannot meet infinite human wants. It forces every society to answer three basic questions – what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.
稀缺性是基本的经济问题：有限的资源无法满足无限的人类欲望。它迫使每个社会回答三个基本问题——生产什么、如何生产以及为谁生产。
Choice is the result of scarcity. Because we cannot have everything, we must decide which goods and services to prioritise. These decisions always involve trade-offs.
选择是稀缺性的结果。因为我们不能拥有一切，必须决定优先考虑哪些商品与服务。这些决策总是伴随着权衡取舍。
Memory tip: Think of a student with only two hours free. They must choose between studying economics or watching a film. Scarcity of time creates the need to choose.
记忆提示：想象一个只有两小时空闲的学生。他们必须在学习经济学和看电影之间选择。时间的稀缺性产生了选择的必要。
2. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative foregone when a choice is made. It is not simply the price paid, but the benefit lost from the option you did not select.
机会成本是作出选择时所放弃的次优替代选项的价值。它不仅仅是你支付的价格，而是你没有选择的那个选项所失去的收益。
This concept reminds us that every decision has a hidden cost. Governments face opportunity costs when allocating budgets; individuals face them daily.
这个概念提醒我们，每一个决策都有隐形成本。政府分配预算时面临机会成本；个人每天都面临机会成本。
Remember: 'OC' sounds like 'Oh, see!' – Oh, see what you gave up!
记住：'OC' 发音像 'Oh, see!' – 哦，看看你放弃了什么！
3. Factors of Production | 生产要素
Resources used to produce goods and services are grouped into four categories: land, labour, capital, and enterprise. Together they are known as the factors of production.
用于生产商品和服务的资源分为四类：土地、劳动、资本和企业才能。它们统称为生产要素。
Land includes all natural resources like oil, water, forests, and fertile soil. The reward for land is rent.
土地包括所有自然资源，如石油、水、森林和肥沃的土壤。土地的报酬是地租。
Labour is the human effort, both physical and mental. Its reward is wages or salaries.
劳动是人类的努力，包括体力和脑力。劳动的报酬是工资或薪金。
Capital refers to man-made goods used to produce other goods, such as machinery, tools, and factories. Its reward is interest.
资本指用于生产其他商品的人造物品，如机器、工具和工厂。资本的报酬是利息。
Enterprise is the willingness and ability to take risks and combine the other factors. The reward is profit.
企业才能是承担风险并将其他要素结合起来的意愿和能力。其报酬是利润。
Use the acronym 'CELL' – Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour – to master the four factors.
使用首字母缩略词 'CELL'——资本 (Capital)、企业才能 (Enterprise)、土地 (Land)、劳动 (Labour)——来掌握这四种要素。
4. Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) | 生产可能性边界
The PPF is a curve showing the maximum possible combinations of two goods an economy can produce when all resources are fully and efficiently employed.
生产可能性边界是一条曲线，显示当所有资源被充分且有效利用时，一个经济体所能生产的两种商品的最大可能组合。
Points on the curve represent productive efficiency. Points inside the curve indicate under-utilisation of resources, while points outside are unattainable with current resources.
曲线上的点代表生产有效率。曲线内的点表示资源未充分利用，而曲线外的点在当前资源下无法达到。
Shifting the PPF outward illustrates economic growth, often caused by more resources or better technology. The PPF can also show opportunity cost through its downward slope.
生产可能性边界向外移动说明经济增长，通常由更多资源或技术进步引起。该曲线通过向下倾斜也可展示机会成本。
Visualise the PPF as a country's 'limits of possibility'. If it produces only guns or only butter, the curve shows every mix in between.
把生产可能性边界想象成一个国家的 “可能性极限”。如果它只生产大炮或只生产黄油，曲线显示了其间的每一种组合。
5. Demand and Supply | 需求与供给
Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices over a period of time. The law of demand states that as price falls, quantity demanded rises, ceteris paribus.
需求是消费者在一段时间内，在不同价格水平下愿意且能够购买的商品或服务的数量。需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格下降，需求量上升。
Supply is the quantity that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices. The law of supply shows a positive relationship: higher prices incentivise more supply.
供给是生产者在不同价格水平下愿意且能够出售的数量。供给定律呈现出正向关系：更高的价格激励更多供给。
Remember that a change in price causes a movement along the curve, while a change in other factors (income, tastes, technology) shifts the entire curve.
记住，价格变化导致沿曲线移动，而其他因素（收入、偏好、技术）的变化则使整条曲线移动。
Think 'D' for downward-sloping demand, 'S' for upward-sloping supply.
想象 ‘D’ 代表向下倾斜的需求，‘S’ 代表向上倾斜的供给。
6. Equilibrium and the Market | 均衡与市场
Market equilibrium occurs where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. At this price, there is no tendency for change – no surplus and no shortage.
市场均衡发生在需求量等于供给量时。在这个价格下，没有变化的趋势——没有过剩，也没有短缺。
When the market price is above equilibrium, a surplus exists, putting downward pressure on price. When below equilibrium, there is a shortage, pushing price upward.
当市场价格高于均衡价格时，出现过剩，对价格产生下行压力。当低于均衡价格时，存在短缺，推动价格上行。
The market is any arrangement where buyers and sellers exchange goods and services. It does not have to be a physical place; online platforms are markets too.
市场是买卖双方交换商品和服务的任何安排。它不一定是一个物理场所；在线平台也是市场。
Picture a seesaw: the left side is quantity demanded, the right side is quantity supplied. Balance is equilibrium – the price where the seesaw is level.
画一个跷跷板：左边是需求量，右边是供给量。平衡就是均衡——跷跷板水平的那个价格。
7. Price Elasticity | 价格弹性
Price elasticity of demand (PED) measures how responsive quantity demanded is to a change in price. It is calculated as: % change in quantity demanded ÷ % change in price.
需求价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。计算方式为：需求量变动百分比 ÷ 价格变动百分比。
If PED > 1, demand is elastic – consumers are sensitive to price changes. If PED < 1, demand is inelastic – quantity changes little when price changes.
如果 PED > 1，需求是有弹性的——消费者对价格变化敏感。如果 PED < 1，需求缺乏弹性——价格变化时数量变化很小。
e percentage change in quantity equals the percentage change in price. Total revenue stays constant.
单位弹性（PED = 1）意味着数量变动百分比等于价格变动百分比。总收益保持不变。
To remember, the word 'elastic' stretches out – like a rubber band – showing big response; 'inelastic' is stiff, like a brick, hardly moves.
为帮助记忆，‘elastic’ 一词意为可拉伸——像橡皮筋一样——反应大；‘inelastic’ 是僵硬的，像砖头，几乎不动。
8. Market Failure | 市场失灵
Market failure occurs when the free market, left alone, fails to allocate resources efficiently. This leads to a net social welfare loss. Common causes include externalities, public goods, information gaps, and market power.
市场失灵发生在自由市场自行运作时，未能有效配置资源。这会导致净社会福利损失。常见原因包括外部性、公共物品、信息缺口和市场势力。
A merit good (e.g. healthcare, education) is under-consumed in a free market because individuals do not fully appreciate the private or social benefits.
有益品（如医疗保健、教育）在自由市场中被消费不足，因为个人没有充分认识到私人或社会益处。
A demerit good (e.g. cigarettes, alcohol) is over-consumed because consumers ignore the full social costs, such as health damage and pollution.
有害品（如香烟、酒精）被过度消费，因为消费者忽视了全部社会成本，如健康损害和污染。
Think 'market fails when only price rules' – it ignores the true cost and benefit to society.
记住‘当只有价格裁决时市场失灵’——它忽视了社会的真实成本和效益。
9. Government Intervention | 政府干预
To correct market failure, governments use tools such as taxation, subsidies, regulation, and direct provision. Each aims to change incentives and outcomes.
为了纠正市场失灵，政府使用诸如税收、补贴、监管和直接提供等工具。每种工具旨在改变激励和结果。
An indirect tax on a demerit good raises its price, reducing consumption and generating revenue that can fund public services. A subsidy lowers the price of a merit good to encourage consumption.
对有害品征收间接税会提高其价格，减少消费并产生可用于资助公共服务的收入。补贴降低有益品的价格，以鼓励消费。
Regulation sets rules, such as banning leaded petrol or setting minimum safety standards. Direct provision means the government supplies the good for free or below market price, e.g. street lighting or defence.
监管制定规则，例如禁止含铅汽油或设定最低安全标准。直接提供意味着政府免费或以低于市场价提供商品，如路灯或国防。
Visualise the government as a mechanic fixing a broken market 'engine' – tax to slow over-consumption, subsidy to boost under-consumption.
把政府想象成修理失灵市场‘引擎’的维修工——用税收减缓过度消费，用补贴促进消费不足。
10. Externalities | 外部性
An externality is a cost or benefit that affects a third party who is not directly involved in the economic transaction. It leads to a divergence between private and social costs/benefits.
外部性是一种影响未直接参与经济交易的第三方的成本或收益。它导致私人成本/收益与社会成本/收益之间的差异。
A negative externality, such as pollution from a factory, imposes external costs on society. The social cost exceeds the private cost, causing over-production.
负外部性，如工厂污染，给社会带来了外部成本。社会成本超过私人成本，导致过度生产。
A positive externality, like an educated workforce benefiting the whole economy, provides external benefits. The social benefit exceeds the private benefit, leading to under-consumption.
正外部性，如受过教育的劳动力使整个经济受益，提供外部效益。社会效益超过私人效益，导致消费不足。
Remember: 'Ex' means outside – outside the buyer and seller. Negative = costs spill over; Positive = benefits spill over.
记住：‘Ex’ 表示外部——效应溢出到买方和卖方之外。负 = 成本溢出；正 = 效益溢出。
11. Public and Private Goods | 公共品与私人物品
Private goods are both rival and excludable. Rival means one person’s consumption reduces availability for others; excludable means it is possible to prevent non-payers from consuming.
私人物品同时具备竞争性和排他性。竞争性意味着一人的消费减少他人的可用性；排他性意味着可以阻止未付费者消费。
Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable. National defence is a classic example: one person’s safety doesn’t reduce another’s, and you cannot exclude anyone from protection.
公共品是非竞争性和非排他性的。国防是典型的例子：一个人的安全不会减少另一个人的安全，且无法将任何人排除在保护之外。
Because firms cannot easily charge for public goods, the free market under-provides them, leading to the free rider problem. Government provision or funding is often needed.
由于企业难以对公共品收费，自由市场供给不足，导致搭便车问题。通常需要政府提供或资助。
Use the 'double N' rule: a public good is Non-rival, Non-excludable. Like a lighthouse – everyone benefits, no one can be excluded.
使用‘双 N’法则：公共品是非竞争性（Non-rival）和非排他性（Non-excludable）的。就像灯塔——人人受益，无人能排除。
12. Mixed Economy and the Role of Markets | 混合经济与市场的作用
A mixed economy combines free market mechanisms and government intervention. Most real-world economies are mixed, balancing efficiency with equity and stability.
混合经济结合了自由市场机制与政府干预。大多数现实世界的经济体都是混合的，在效率与公平及稳定之间取得平衡。
The price mechanism performs three key functions: signalling, rationing, and incentivising. A rise in price signals producers to supply more, rations scarce goods to those willing to pay, and incentivises firms to innovate.
价格机制执行三个关键功能：信号、配给和激励。价格上涨向生产者发出增加供给的信号，将稀缺商品配给愿意支付的人，并激励企业创新。
Markets do not always lead to fair outcomes, so governments redistribute income through taxes and benefits. This trade-off between efficiency and equity is at the heart of economic policy.
市场并不总是带来公平的结果，因此政府通过税收和福利进行收入再分配。效率与公平之间的这种取舍是经济政策的核心。
Think of the mixed economy as a bicycle with two wheels – the market wheel turns fast for efficiency; the government wheel steers for fairness and stability.
把混合经济想象成一辆有两个轮子的自行车——市场之轮快速转动追求效率；政府之轮掌控方向追求公平和稳定。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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