📚 Year 10 Eduqas Biology: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 10年级Eduqas生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of GCSE Biology can feel like learning a whole new language, but the right memory tricks can transform confusing terms into clear, permanent knowledge. This guide for Year 10 Eduqas Biology breaks down keywords by topic, focusing on word roots, visual stories, and simple mnemonics that actually stick. Use it actively – say the terms aloud, draw rapid sketches, and test yourself regularly to lock them into your long-term memory.
掌握 GCSE 生物学的词汇就像学习一门全新的语言，但正确的记忆技巧可以把令人困惑的术语变成清晰、持久的知识。这份10年级 Eduqas 生物指南按主题分解关键词，重点放在词根、视觉故事和真正管用的简单记忆法上。请主动使用它——念出术语、快速画简图、定期自我测试，把这些词锁入你的长期记忆。
1. Cells and Microscopy Terminology | 细胞与显微镜术语
Think of a cell as a tiny city, where each organelle has a specific job. The word 'cytoplasm' shares the root 'cyto-' (cell) with many other terms, making it a fast anchor for your memory. Practise drawing and labelling a simple plant cell and an animal cell while saying the role of each part aloud.
把细胞想象成一座微型城市，每个细胞器都有特定的工作。'cytoplasm'一词共享词根 'cyto-'（细胞），可以成为你记忆的快速锚点。练习画并标注一个简单的植物细胞和一个动物细胞，同时大声说出每个部分的作用。
The nucleus (pl. nuclei) holds the genetic material and controls cell activities. Think of it as the 'city hall' containing the master blueprints.
细胞核（复数 nuclei）含有遗传物质，控制细胞活动。可以把它看作存放总蓝图的「市政厅」。
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like liquid where most chemical reactions happen. 'Cyto-' means cell, '-plasm' means substance – cell-substance.
细胞质是果冻状的液体，大多数化学反应在此发生。'Cyto-' 意为细胞，'-plasm' 意为质——细胞之质。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) are the powerhouses that release energy through aerobic respiration. Remember: 'mighty mitochondria' produce energy.
线粒体（单数：mitochondrion）是通过有氧呼吸释放能量的「发电站」。记住：'mighty mitochondria' 制造能量。
Ribosomes are tiny structures that make proteins. They are so small that they appear as dots on rough endoplasmic reticulum under a microscope. Link 'ribo-' to 'ribonucleic acid' (RNA).
核糖体是制造蛋白质的微小结构。它们小到在显微镜下粗面内质网上呈现为小点。把 'ribo-' 与 「核糖核酸」(RNA) 联系起来。
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis only in plant cells. The green colour reminds you of 'chlorophyll' and 'chloro-' means green.
叶绿体含有叶绿素，只存在于植物细胞中进行光合作用。绿色让你想到叶绿素，'chloro-' 意为绿色。
Permanent vacuole in plant cells stores cell sap and maintains turgor pressure. Visualise a water-filled balloon pushing against the cell wall.
植物细胞的永久液泡储存细胞液并维持膨压。想象一个充满水的气球挤压细胞壁。
ual size. Resolution is the ability to distinguish two separate points. To remember, think 'magnification makes it bigger, resolution makes it clearer'.
放大倍数 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小。分辨率是区分两个点的能力。记忆：'放大让它变大，分辨率让它变清晰'。
2. Cell Transport Quick Tips | 细胞运输快速记忆
Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport often confuse learners, but it helps to think about what is moving, whether a membrane is involved, and if energy is needed. Use the word 'net movement' repeatedly to reinforce that particles move randomly but the overall effect is down a gradient.
扩散、渗透和主动运输常使学习者混淆，但思考移动的是什么、是否涉及膜以及是否需要能量会很有帮助。反复使用「净移动」一词来强化：粒子随机运动，但总体效果是沿梯度向下。
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. No membrane is required and no energy. Visualise a drop of food colouring spreading in water.
扩散是粒子从高浓度向低浓度的净移动，沿浓度梯度进行，不需要膜也不需要能量。想象一滴食用色素在水中扩散。
Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. Key words: water, membrane, concentration of water. Remember 'Osmosis – Only water, Semi-permeable membrane'.
渗透是水分子通过半透膜从稀溶液向较浓溶液的净移动。关键词：水、膜、水的浓度。记住 'Osmosis – Only water, Semi-permeable membrane'。
Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient using carrier proteins and energy from respiration. Link 'active' to 'energy' – it is like pushing a heavy trolley uphill.
主动运输使用载体蛋白和呼吸作用释放的能量，逆浓度梯度移动物质。把 'active' 与「能量」联系起来——就像推着沉重的推车上坡。
Partially permeable membrane allows only some molecules through. Think of a sieve that lets tiny water molecules pass but blocks larger solutes.
半透膜只允许某些分子通过。想象一个筛子，让微小的水分子通过但阻挡较大的溶质。
3. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶
Food tests and enzyme reactions appear in many exam questions. The key is to link molecule names with their building blocks: carbohydrates are made of simple sugars, proteins of amino acids, lipids of fatty acids and glycerol. For enzymes, the 'lock-and-key' image is your friend.
食物测试和酶反应出现在许多考题中。关键是把分子名称和它们的构件联系起来：碳水化合物由单糖组成，蛋白质由氨基酸组成，脂质由脂肪酸和甘油组成。对于酶，「锁-钥匙」图像是你的好朋友。
Carbohydrates include starch and sugars. Remember 'carbo-' (carbon) and '-hydrate' (water). Starch turns iodine solution blue-black.
碳水化合物包括淀粉和糖类。记住 'carbo-'（碳）和 '-hydrate'（水）。淀粉使碘液变成蓝黑色。
Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids. The biuret test turns purple for proteins. Think 'purple protein potion'.
蛋白质由长链氨基酸组成。双缩脲测试中蛋白质显示紫色。想象「紫色蛋白质药水」。
Lipids (fats and oils) are formed from three fatty acids bonded to one glycerol molecule. The emulsion test gives a cloudy white layer – imagine milk turning cloudy in water.
脂质（脂肪和油）由三个脂肪酸分子与一个甘油分子结合而成。乳化测试产生混浊的白色层——想象牛奶在水中变混浊。
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. Each enzyme has an active site specific to its substrate – the 'lock and key' model. If you denature an enzyme by heating or extreme pH, its active site changes shape and the key no longer fits.
酶是生物催化剂，通过降低活化能来加速反应。每种酶有一个专属于其底物的活性位点——「锁-钥匙」模型。如果通过加热或极端 pH 使酶变性，活性位点形状改变，钥匙就不再适合。
Optimum temperature for human enzymes is about 37 °C. The word 'optimum' means 'best'.
人体酶的最适温度约为 37 °C。'optimum' 一词意为「最佳的」。
4. Digestive System Keywords | 消化系统关键词
The journey of digestion can be memorised as a story: ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion. Enzymes act at different stations: amylase in the mouth and small intestine breaks down starch; proteases in the stomach and small intestine break down proteins; lipases in the small intestine break down lipids.
消化的旅程可以作为一个故事来记忆：摄食、消化、吸收、排遗。酶在不同的站点工作：淀粉酶在口腔和小肠分解淀粉；蛋白酶在胃和小肠分解蛋白质；脂肪酶在小肠分解脂肪。
Ingestion is taking food into your mouth. The prefix 'in-' means 'into'.
摄食是将食物摄入嘴中。前缀 'in-' 意为「进入」。
Peristalsis is the wave-like muscular contraction that pushes food along the gut. Imagine squeezing a tube of toothpaste from the bottom.
蠕动是推动食物沿消化道前进的波浪式肌肉收缩。想象从底部挤压一管牙膏。
Amylase breaks down starch into maltose (a simple sugar). Think 'AMylase attacks AMylose (a starch component)'.
淀粉酶将淀粉分解为麦芽糖（一种单糖）。想 'AMylase attacks AMylose'。
Protease breaks down protein into amino acids. Stomach protease (pepsin) works best in acidic conditions created by hydrochloric acid.
蛋白酶将蛋白质分解为氨基酸。胃蛋白酶（pepsin）在盐酸创造的酸性条件下最活跃。
Lipase splits lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Bile (produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder) emulsifies fats to increase surface area – it is like washing-up liquid breaking up grease.
脂肪酶将脂肪分解为脂肪酸和甘油。胆汁（肝脏制造，胆囊储存）乳化脂肪以增加表面积——就像洗涤灵分解油脂。
Villi are tiny finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption. A single one is a villus. They have thin walls, a good blood supply, and a lacteal for absorbing fatty acids.
绒毛是小肠内细小的指状突起，增加了吸收的表面积。单数形式是 villus。它们壁薄，血液供应充足，并有乳糜管用于吸收脂肪酸。
5. Circulation and Respiration Essentials | 循环与呼吸要领
ht side pumps blood to the lungs, the left side to the rest of the body. Respiration releases energy and is not the same as breathing!
学习循环系统时，记住一个红细胞的旅程：心脏 → 动脉 → 毛细血管 → 静脉 → 回到心脏。右心泵血到肺部，左心泵血到全身。呼吸作用释放能量，与呼吸（换气）不同！
The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. 'Artery Away (A)' takes blood away from the heart; 'Vein In' returns blood to the heart.
心脏有四个腔室：右心房、右心室、左心房、左心室。'Artery Away'（动脉运走），'Vein In'（静脉运回）。
Arteries have thick muscular walls to withstand high pressure; veins have valves to prevent backflow; capillaries are one cell thick for easy diffusion.
动脉壁厚有肌肉以承受高压；静脉有瓣膜防止回流；毛细血管仅一个细胞厚，便于扩散。
Blood components: red blood cells (no nucleus, carry oxygen using haemoglobin), white blood cells (fight infection), platelets (clotting), plasma (liquid transport medium).
血液成分：红细胞（无核，用血红蛋白运载氧气），白细胞（抗感染），血小板（凝血），血浆（液体运输介质）。
respiration: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy). Remember the equation:
有氧呼吸：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）。记住方程式：
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
tic acid (+ less energy). In yeast, it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (fermentation).
肌肉中的无氧呼吸：葡萄糖 → 乳酸（+ 较少能量）。在酵母中，会产生乙醇和二氧化碳（发酵）。
Gas exchange happens in the alveoli: oxygen diffuses into blood, carbon dioxide diffuses out. Alveoli are tiny air sacs with thin, moist walls and a large surface area.
气体交换发生在肺泡中：氧气扩散入血，二氧化碳扩散出去。肺泡是薄壁、湿润且表面积巨大的微小气囊。
6. Nervous System and Hormonal Control | 神经系统与激素控制
The nervous system uses fast, electrical impulses carried by neurones, whereas hormones are chemical messengers transported in the blood, acting slowly but with longer-lasting effects. The key here is to draw the pathway of a reflex arc and to connect hormone names with their effects.
神经系统利用神经元传递快速的电脉冲，而激素是经血液运输的化学信使，作用缓慢但效果更持久。这里的要点是画出反射弧的路径，并将激素名称与其效应联系起来。
+ spinal cord. The sensory neurone carries impulses from a receptor to the CNS; the motor neurone carries impulses from the CNS to an effector (muscle or gland).
中枢神经系统（CNS）= 脑 + 脊髓。感觉神经元将脉冲从感受器传到中枢神经系统；运动神经元将脉冲从中枢神经系统传到效应器（肌肉或腺体）。
A synapse is a gap between two neurones where chemicals transmit the signal. Think of it as a tiny 'bridge' that electrical signals cannot jump without a chemical ferry.
突触是两个神经元之间的间隙，化学物质在此传递信号。可以把它看作一座电信号无法直接跳过、需要化学摆渡的「小桥」。
e) → motor neurone → effector → response. A reflex is automatic and rapid to avoid danger.
反射弧序列：刺激 → 感受器 → 感觉神经元 → 中间神经元（在脊髓）→ 运动神经元 → 效应器 → 反应。反射是自动且迅速的，以躲避危险。
Hormonal control maintains blood glucose: insulin (from pancreas) lowers glucose by converting it to glycogen; glucagon raises glucose by converting glycogen back. Use the memory hook 'IN-sulin glucose goes INto cells; gluca-GON makes glycogen GONE'.
激素控制维持血糖：胰岛素（来自胰腺）通过将葡萄糖转化为糖原而降低血糖；胰高血糖素通过将糖原转化回葡萄糖而升高血糖。记忆妙招：'IN-sulin glucose goes INto cells; gluca-GON makes glycogen GONE'。
Negative feedback is a control mechanism that reverses a change to maintain homeostasis. Like a thermostat switching heating off when it gets too hot.
负反馈是一种逆转变化以维持稳态的控制机制。就像恒温器在温度过高时关掉加热。
7. Plant Biology and Photosynthesis | 植物生物学与光合作用
Plants have two transport systems: xylem moves water and minerals up from the roots, phloem moves sugars (translocation) up and down the plant. Photosynthesis is the process that makes these sugars. The mnemonic 'MRS GREN' can remind you of life processes, but for photosynthesis specifically, remember the balanced equation and limiting factors.
植物有两个运输系统：木质部将水和矿物质从根部向上运输，韧皮部将糖分（有机物转运）在植物体内上下运输。光合作用是制造这些糖分的过程。助记符 'MRS GREN' 可以提醒你生命过程，但对于光合作用，记住平衡方程式和限制因子尤为重要。
Xylem vessels are dead, hollow tubes with lignin-reinforced walls. 'Xy' sounds like 'sky' – water goes up to the sky. Phloem is alive and contains sieve plates and companion cells.
木质部导管是死细胞构成的中空管，壁有木质素加固。'Xy' 音似 'sky'（天空）——水升向天空。韧皮部是有生命的，含有筛板和伴胞。
Transpiration is the evaporation of water vapor from leaf surfaces, pulling water up the plant in the transpiration stream. Factors increasing transpiration: light, warmth, wind, low humidity.
蒸腾作用是水蒸气从叶面蒸发，在蒸腾流中向上拉水。增加蒸腾的因素：光照、温暖、风、低湿度。
ucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll. The balanced symbol equation is:
光合作用文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，需光和叶绿素。平衡化学方程式为：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Limiting factors include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature. A limiting factor is the one in shortest supply that slows the rate. Graph interpretation is key.
限制因子包括光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度。限制因子是供应最短缺、致使速率减慢的那个因素。图表解读是关键。
Chlorophyll is the green pigment that absorbs light energy. A variegated leaf (green and white parts) can be tested to show that only areas with chlorophyll produce starch.
叶绿素是吸收光能的绿色色素。可用斑叶（绿色与白色部分）测试，证明只有含叶绿素的区域才制造淀粉。
8. Ecology and Nutrient Cycles | 生态与营养循环
ty → ecosystem. Feeding relationships further build into food chains, webs, and pyramids. The carbon and nitrogen cycles are best learned by drawing them repeatedly.
生态学有自己描述组织层次的词汇。可以把它们想成套娃：个体 → 种群 → 群落 → 生态系统。摄食关系进一步构建为食物链、食物网和金字塔。碳循环和氮循环最好通过反复画图来掌握。
A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in one area. A community is all the populations living together. Add the abiotic (non-living) factors and you have an ecosystem.
种群是生活在同一区域内同种生物的一群个体。群落是所有种群共同生活在一起。加上非生物（无生命）因素，就成了生态系统。
Producers (plants, algae) make their own food by photosynthesis. Primary consumers eat producers; secondary consumers eat primary consumers. Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down dead organic matter.
生产者（植物、藻类）通过光合作用自制食物。初级消费者吃生产者；次级消费者吃初级消费者。分解者（细菌和真菌）分解死去的有机物质。
A food chain shows a single feeding path; a food web is a network of interconnected chains. Remember that arrows point in the direction of energy flow (towards the eater).
食物链显示单一的摄食途径；食物网是相互连接的链组成的网络。记住箭头指向能量流动的方向（指向取食者）。
The carbon cycle: carbon is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis, returned by respiration, combustion (burning fossil fuels), and decomposition. Draw the cycle with arrows for each process.
碳循环：碳通过光合作用离开大气，通过呼吸、燃烧（化石燃料）和分解返回大气。画出循环箭头标注每个过程。
In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates that plants can use. Denitrifying bacteria can return nitrogen to the air. Think 'fixers fix nitrogen, denitrifiers undo it'.
氮循环中，豆科植物根瘤中的固氮细菌将大气中的氮转化为植物可利用的硝酸盐。反硝化细菌则将氮回归空气。想 'fixers fix nitrogen, denitrifiers undo it'。
9. Genetics and Inheritance Patterns | 遗传与继承模式
Genetics terms often look similar, but a little word dissection helps enormously. 'Gene' is a section of DNA coding for a protein. 'Allele' is an alternative version of a gene. 'Homo' means same, 'hetero' means different, 'zygous' relates to a fertilised egg (zygote). Practise monohybrid crosses with Punnet squares to see the ratios come alive.
遗传学术语常看起来相似，但稍做词析帮助巨大。'Gene' 是编码蛋白质的一段 DNA。'Allele' 是基因的一个替代版本。'Homo' 意为相同，'hetero' 意为不同，'zygous' 与受精卵（合子）有关。练习用庞纳特方格做单基因杂交，让比率生动起来。
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is shaped as a double helix. A gene is a specific sequence of bases. The four bases are A (adenine), T (thymine), C (cytosine), G (guanine) – remember the pairing 'AT' and 'CG'.
DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）呈双螺旋结构。基因是特定的碱基序列。四种碱基为 A（腺嘌呤）、T（胸腺嘧啶）、C（胞嘧啶）、G（鸟嘌呤）——记住配对 'A-T' 和 'C-G'。
An allele is dominant if it masks the other allele when heterozygous. Dominant alleles are represented by a capital letter (e.g., T for tall). Recessive alleles require two copies to be expressed and are written in lowercase (t for short).
等位基因如果在杂合时掩盖另一个等位基因，就是显性。显性等位基因用大写字母表示（如 T 代表高）。隐性等位基因需要两个
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