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Year 10 Eduqas Chemistry Formula and Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 Eduqas 化学：公式定理速查手册

2026-07-20 08:09 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 10 Eduqas Chemistry Formula and Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 Eduqas 化学：公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook covers the essential formulas, theorems, and calculation methods required for the Year 10 Eduqas Chemistry course. Master these equations and principles to build confidence in quantitative chemistry, energetics, reaction rates, and electrolysis.

本速查手册涵盖了 Year 10 Eduqas 化学课程中必备的公式、定理和计算方法。掌握这些方程式和原理，有助于你建立定量化学、能量学、反应速率和电解等相关题型中的自信。

1. Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration | 原子结构与电子排布

ns = number of electrons. The mass number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons: A = Z + n⁰ (where Z = atomic number = number of protons).

原子由含质子 (p⁺) 和中子 (n⁰) 的原子核与核外分层排布的电子 (e⁻) 组成。对于中性原子，质子数 = 电子数。质量数 (A) 是质子数与中子数之和：A = Z + n⁰（Z 为原子序数 = 质子数）。

Electrons fill shells according to the '2,8,8' rule for the first 20 elements: first shell holds up to 2, second up to 8, third up to 8 (and then the fourth shell starts to fill). This configuration determines chemical reactivity.

前20号元素的电子排布遵循 '2,8,8' 规则：第一层最多 2 个电子，第二层最多 8 个，第三层最多 8 个（然后第四层开始填充）。该排布方案决定了元素的化学活性。

2. Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Formula Mass | 相对原子质量与相对化学式质量

mass (Ar) is the weighted average mass of an atom compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon‑ formula unit. For a compound like H₂O: Mr = (2 × Ar of H) + (1 × Ar of O) = 2×1 + 16 = 18.

相对原子质量 (Ar) 是指一个原子的平均质量与一个碳‑12 原子质量的 1/12 的比值，无单位。相对化学式质量 (Mr) 是化学式中所有原子的 Ar 之和。例如 H₂O：Mr = (2 × H 的 Ar) + (1 × O 的 Ar) = 2×1 + 16 = 18。

Mr = Σ (Ar × number of atoms of that element)

Mr = Σ (Ar × 原子个数)

3. The Mole and Molar Mass | 摩尔与摩尔质量

stant, Nₐ). The mass of one mole of a substance is its molar mass (M) in grams per mole (g mol⁻¹), numerically equal to its relative formula mass (Mr).

1 摩尔 (mol) 物质含有 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数 Nₐ）。1 摩尔物质的质量即为它的摩尔质量 (M)，单位是 g mol⁻¹，数值等于其相对化学式质量 (Mr)。

n = m / M

n = amount of substance (mol), m = mass (g), M = molar mass (g mol⁻¹).

n = 物质的量 (mol)，m = 质量 (g)，M = 摩尔质量 (g mol⁻¹)。

4. Molar Gas Volume at Room Temperature and Pressure | 室温常压下的摩尔气体体积

At room temperature and pressure (RTP, approximately 20 °C and 1 atm), one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 24 dm³ (24 000 cm³). This is a key conversion for gas calculations.

在室温常压 (RTP，约 20 °C、1 atm) 下，1 摩尔任何气体的体积为 24 dm³ (24 000 cm³)。这是气体计算的关键换算公式。

V (dm³) = n × 24 or n = V / 24

If volume is given in cm³, divide by 1000 to convert to dm³ before using the formula.

如果体积单位是 cm³，需先除以 1000 转化为 dm³ 再代入公式。

5. Concentration of Solutions and Titration | 溶液浓度与滴定

Concentration (c) is the amount of solute dissolved per unit volume. The standard unit is mol dm⁻³.

c = n / V

c = concentration (mol dm⁻³), n = moles of solute, V = volume of solution (dm³).

c = 浓度 (mol dm⁻³)，n = 溶质的物质的量，V = 溶液体积 (dm³)。

During an acid‑base titration where the reaction ratio is 1:1, the unknown concentration can be found using:

c₁V₁ = c₂V₂

to scale: n = cV for each reactant, then apply the mole ratio from the balanced equation.

在 1:1 反应的酸碱滴定中，可用 c₁V₁ = c₂V₂ 求未知浓度。若摩尔比不是 1:1，应先计算每种反应物的物质的量 n = cV，再根据配平方程式的摩尔比进行计算。

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6. Chemical Equations and Reacting Mass Calculations | 化学方程式与反应质量计算

Chemical equations must be balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of mass. The coefficients represent mole ratios. To calculate the mass of a reactant or product:

  1. Convert given mass to moles using n = m / M.

    用 n = m / M 将已知质量换算为物质的量。

  2. Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to find the moles of the target substance.

    根据配平方程式的摩尔比，计算目标物质的物质的量。

  3. Convert moles back to mass: m = n × M.

    用 m = n × M 将物质的量转换回质量。

Always check that the equation is balanced and use the molar masses of the correct species.

务必确认方程式已配平，并正确使用相应物质的摩尔质量。

7. Percentage Yield and Atom Economy | 百分比产率与原子经济

Percentage yield describes the efficiency of a reaction in producing a desired product.

% Yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%

Atom economy measures how well atoms in the reactants are incorporated into the desired product, an important green chemistry principle.

% Atom Economy = (Mr of desired product / total Mr of all reactants) × 100%

百分比产率衡量反应生成目标产物的效率。原子经济则反映了反应物中有多少原子进入了期望产物中，是重要的绿色化学原则。

% 产率 = (实际产率 / 理论产率) × 100%；% 原子经济 = (目标产物 Mr / 所有反应物 Mr 总和) × 100%。

8. Energy Changes: Calorimetry and Bond Energies | 能量变化：量热法与键能

In a calorimetry experiment, the heat energy (q) absorbed or released by a solution is calculated using:

q = m × c × ΔT

q = heat energy (J), m = mass of solution (g), c = specific heat capacity (for water, 4.18 J g⁻¹ °C⁻¹), ΔT = temperature change (°C).

量热实验中溶液吸收或放出的热量 q 由下式计算：q = m × c × ΔT。q (J), m 溶液质量 (g), c 比热容（水为 4.18 J g⁻¹ °C⁻¹），ΔT 温度变化 (°C)。

The molar enthalpy change (ΔH) is then: ΔH = -q / n (negative for exothermic, positive for endothermic, where n is the moles of limiting reactant).

摩尔焓变 ΔH = -q / n (放热为负，吸热为正，n 为限制反应物的物质的量)。

Using bond energies, the enthalpy change of a reaction can be estimated:

ΔH = Σ(bond energies of reactants) – Σ(bond energies of products)

利用键能估算反应焓变：ΔH = 反应物键能总和 – 生成物键能总和。

9. Rates of Reaction | 反应速率

The average rate of reaction is the change in concentration, mass, or volume of a reactant or product per unit time.

Average rate = change in quantity / time taken

平均反应速率 = 变化量 / 所用时间。常用单位：g/s 或 cm³/s。

Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur, particles must collide with sufficient energy (activation energy) and correct orientation. Factors that increase successful collision frequency – higher concentration, pressure, temperature, surface area, or use of a catalyst – increase the rate.

碰撞理论指出，粒子必须发生有效碰撞（具有足够活化能和正确取向）才会发生反应。增加浓度、压力、温度、表面积或使用催化剂，可提高有效碰撞频率，从而加快反应速率。

10. Reversible Reactions and Le Chatelier's Principle | 可逆反应与勒夏特列原理

A reversible reaction (⇌) reaches dynamic equilibrium when the forward and backward rates are equal. Le Chatelier's principle: if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure, the equilibrium shifts to partially oppose the change.

可逆反应 (⇌) 正逆反应速率相等时达到动态平衡。勒夏特列原理指出：对平衡体系施加浓度、温度或压力的改变，平衡会向减弱该改变的方向移动。