📚 Year 10 Eduqas Chemistry: Key Terms Memory Guide | 英国初中化学词汇术语速记指南（Eduqas 考试局）
Mastering chemistry starts with mastering its language. This guide selects the most important terms from the Year 10 Eduqas Chemistry specification and presents them in a way that makes them easy to understand, recall, and apply in exams. Each term is explained in clear English, followed by its Chinese equivalent and a simple memory clue. Use this guide to build a solid foundation in chemical vocabulary.
学好化学，首先要掌握化学的语言。本指南精选英国初中（Year 10）Eduqas 考试局化学大纲中最关键的词汇术语，用清晰的中英文解释和速记方法帮助你高效记忆，并在考试中灵活运用。每个术语先给出英文解释，再配上对应的中文释义，让你轻松搭建化学词汇的坚实基础。
1. Atomic Structure & Subatomic Particles | 原子结构与亚原子粒子
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. It consists of a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells.
原子是元素参与化学反应的最小粒子。它由一个质子和中子组成的中心原子核以及核外分层排布的电子构成。
Proton: Positively charged particle found in the nucleus; relative mass = 1, charge = +1.
质子：存在于原子核中带正电的粒子；相对质量=1，电荷=+1。
Neutron: Neutral particle in the nucleus; relative mass = 1, charge = 0.
中子：原子核中不带电的粒子；相对质量=1，电荷=0。
Electron vely charged particle orbiting the nucleus in shells; relative mass ≈ 1/1836, charge = -1.
电子：带负电的粒子，在核外分层绕核运动；相对质量约为1/1836，电荷=-1。
Atomic number (Z): The number of protons in an atom, which determines the element.
原子序数 (Z)：原子中质子的数量，决定了元素种类。
Mass number (A): Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
质量数 (A)：原子核中质子与中子数量的总和。
Memory tip: Proton = Positive, Neutron = Neutral. Both are in the Nucleus (all start with 'N' sound).
记忆提示：质子(Proton)对应正电(Positive)，中子(Neutron)对应中性(Neutral)，它们都在原子核(Nucleus)里。
2. The Periodic Table & Element Families | 周期表与元素家族
The modern periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number. Elements in the same group have the same number of outer shell electrons and similar chemical properties.
现代周期表按原子序数递增的顺序排列元素。同一族的元素具有相同的最外层电子数，因此化学性质相似。
Group: A vertical column in the periodic table; Group number often indicates the number of outer electrons (for Groups 1, 2, 13–18).
族：周期表中的纵列；族数通常表示最外层电子数（对于第1、2、13–18族）。
Period: A horizontal row; the period number tells you how many electron shells an atom has.
周期：周期表中的横行；周期数表示原子具有的电子层数。
Alkali metals (Group 1): Very reactive metals with one outer electron; reactivity increases down the group.
碱金属（第1族）：非常活泼的金属，最外层有1个电子；反应性越往下越强。
Halogens (Group 17): Reactive non-metals with seven outer electrons; reactivity decreases down the group.
卤素（第17族）：活泼的非金属，最外层有7个电子；反应性越往下越弱。
Noble gases (Group 18): Unreactive gases with full outer electron shells.
稀有气体（第18族）：具有稳定满层结构的气体，化学性质极不活泼。
Transition metals: Found in the central block; typical properties include high melting points, forming coloured compounds, and acting as catalysts.
过渡金属：位于周期表中央区域；典型性质包括高熔点、形成有色化合物、可作为催化剂。
3. Chemical Bonding: Ionic, Covalent & Metallic | 化学键：离子键、共价键与金属键
Atoms bond together to achieve a stable electron arrangement, often that of a noble gas. The three main types of bonding are ionic, covalent, and metallic.
原子通过结合以达成类似稀有气体的稳定电子构型。化学键主要分为三种类型：离子键、共价键和金属键。
Ion: A charged particle formed when an atom loses or gains electrons.
离子：原子失去或得到电子后形成的带电粒子。
Ionic bonding: Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, typically between a metal and a non-metal.
离子键：带相反电荷离子间的静电吸引力，通常形成于金属与非金属之间。
Covalent bonding: Sharing of pairs of electrons between non-metal atoms.
共价键：非金属原子之间共用电子对。
Molecule: A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
分子：由共价键结合在一起的一组原子。
Metallic bonding: Attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons.
金属键：正金属离子与离域电子之间的吸引力。
Delocalised electrons: Electrons that are free to move throughout a structure, explaining electrical conductivity in metals.
离域电子：可在整个结构中自由移动的电子，解释了金属的导电性。
on transfer → Ions → Ionic bond. Non-metal + Non-metal → electron sharing → Covalent bond.
记忆思路：金属+非金属→电子转移→离子→离子键；非金属+非金属→电子共用→共价键。
4. Writing Chemical Formulae & Equations | 化学式与化学方程式的书写
Chemical formulae use symbols and subscripts to show the types and numbers of atoms in a substance. Equations represent chemical reactions with reactants and products.
化学式用元素符号和下标数字表示物质中原子的种类和数目。化学方程式用反应物和生成物来表示化学反应。
Molecular formula: Shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule (e.g., C₆H₁₂O₆).
分子式：表示一个分子中各种原子的实际数目（如 C₆H₁₂O₆）。
Empirical formula: The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
实验式（最简式）：化合物中原子个数的最简整数比。
Word equation ction described using the names of substances, e.g., magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide.
文字方程式：用物质名称描述的反应，例如 镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁。
Symbol equation: A reaction shown with chemical symbols and formulae, which must be balanced so that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides.
符号方程式：用化学符号和化学式表示的反应，必须配平，使得每种元素的原子总数在反应前后相等。
State symbols: (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas, (aq) aqueous (dissolved in water).
状态符号：(s) 固体，(l) 液体，(g) 气体，(aq) 水溶液。
2H₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O(l)
Balancing practice tip: Count atoms on each side and place coefficients in front of formulae only – never change subscripts inside a formula.
配平技巧：分别数出两侧每种原子的个数，只在化学式前添加配平系数——不要更改化学式内部的下标。
5. Quantities in Chemistry: Moles & Relative Mass | 化学计量：摩尔与相对质量
e unit for amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's constant). This idea links the microscopic world to measurable masses.
摩尔是物质的量的单位。1摩尔含有精确的 6.022 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）。这个概念把微观世界与可测量的质量联系了起来。
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ): Average mass of an element's atoms compared with 1/12 of the mass of a carbon‑12 atom.
相对原子质量 (Aᵣ)：某种元素原子的平均质量与一个碳‑12 原子质量的 1/12 相比的比值。
Relative formula mass (Mᵣ): Sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in the formula of a compound.
相对式量 (Mᵣ)：化合物化学式中所有原子的相对原子质量之和。
Molar mass (g/mol): The mass of one mole of a substance, numerically equal to the relative formula mass.
摩尔质量 (g/mol)：一摩尔物质的质量，数值上与相对式量相等。
Number of moles = mass (g) ÷ molar mass (g/mol).
物质的量 (mol) = 质量 (g) ÷ 摩尔质量 (g/mol)。
n = m / M
Memory hook: Think of a mole as a chemist's 'counting word' just like a dozen means 12, a mole means 6.022 × 10²³.
记忆挂钩：把摩尔想象成化学家的“计数单位”，就像一打表示12个，一摩尔表示 6.022 × 10²³ 个。
6. Acids, Bases & pH Scale | 酸、碱与pH值
Acids and bases are fundamental to Year 10 chemistry. Their behaviour is explained by the presence of H⁺ and OH⁻ ions.
酸和碱是10年级化学的基础。它们的行为可通过 H⁺ 和 OH⁻ 离子的存在来解释。
Acid: A substance that produces hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution; has pH less than 7.
酸：在水溶液中产生氢离子 (H⁺) 的物质；pH 值小于7。
Base: A substance that neutralises an acid to form salt and water; often metal oxides or hydroxides.
碱：能中和酸生成盐和水的物质；通常是金属氧化物或氢氧化物。
Alkali: A soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water; pH greater than 7.
可溶性碱（碱性溶液）：在水中溶解并释放氢氧根离子 (OH⁻) 的碱；pH 值大于7。
Neutralisation: Reaction between an acid and a base, producing a salt and water:
中和反应：酸与碱反应生成盐和水：
H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O
pH scale: A logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentration; range 0–14, with 7 being neutral.
pH 值：氢离子浓度的对数标度；范围0–14，7为中性。
Universal indicator: A mixture of dyes that shows different colours across the pH range (red in strong acid, green in neutral, purple in strong alkali).
通用指示剂：一种混合染料，在不同 pH 值下显示不同颜色（强酸中呈红色，中性呈绿色，强碱中呈紫色）。
7. Making Salts & Required Practical | 盐的制备与必做实验
Salts are ionic compounds formed when the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion. The Eduqas course expects you to know how to prepare a pure, dry sample of a salt.
盐是酸中的氢被金属或铵根离子取代后形成的离子化合物。Eduqas 课程要求你掌握如何制备纯净、干燥的盐样品。
Soluble salt preparation: Use acid + metal, acid + insoluble base, or acid + carbonate. Filter off excess solid, then crystallise.
可溶性盐的制备：采用酸+金属、酸+不溶性碱或酸+碳酸盐的方法。滤除过量固体，然后蒸发结晶。
Neutralisation method for a pure salt: Titration is used when both acid and alkali are soluble; the exact volume is determined using an indicator, then the salt is crystallised without the indicator.
用中和反应制备纯盐：当酸和碱都可溶时，使用滴定法；借助指示剂找到恰好完全反应的体积，再在不加指示剂的条件下结晶出盐。
Precipitation: Mix two solutions containing soluble salts to form an insoluble salt that precipitates; it can be separated by filtration.
沉淀法：混合两种可溶盐溶液，生成不溶性盐沉淀；通过过滤分离。
Common acid– nections: Hydrochloric acid → chlorides, sulfuric acid → sulfates, nitric acid → nitrates.
常见的酸与盐对应关系：盐酸 → 氯化物，硫酸 → 硫酸盐，硝酸 → 硝酸盐。
8. States of Matter & Changes of State | 物质状态与状态变化
Particles in solids, liquids and gases have distinct arrangements and energy. State symbols (s), (l), (g) are essential in chemical equations.
固体、液体和气体中的粒子具有不同的排列形式和能量。状态符号 (s), (l), (g) 在化学方程式中至关重要。
Melting: Solid to liquid; energy is taken in (endothermic).
熔化：固体变为液体；吸收能量（吸热过程）。
Boiling / Evaporating: Liquid to gas; also endothermic. Boiling occurs throughout the liquid at a fixed temperature; evaporation only at the surface.
沸腾/蒸发：液体变为气体；也是吸热过程。沸腾在整个液体内发生，温度固定；蒸发仅在液体表面进行。
Condensing: Gas to liquid; energy is released (exothermic).
冷凝：气体变为液体；释放能量（放热过程）。
Freezing: Liquid to solid; exothermic.
凝固：液体变为固体；放热过程。
Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration; fastest in gases.
扩散：粒子由高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动；气体中扩散最快。
9. Separation Techniques | 混合物分离方法
Mixtures contain two or more elements or compounds that are not chemically combined. Separation techniques exploit physical differences between components.
混合物含有两种或多种未通过化学键结合的元素或化合物。分离方法利用了各组分物理性质的差异。
Filtration: Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid using filter paper.
过滤：利用滤纸将不溶性固体从液体中分离。
Crystallisation: Produces solid crystals from a solution by evaporating the solvent gently.
结晶：通过缓慢蒸发溶剂从溶液中获得固体晶体。
Simple distillation: Separates a solvent from a solution by boiling the liquid and condensing the vapour.
简单蒸馏：通过煮沸液体并冷凝蒸汽，将溶剂从溶液中分离出来。
Fractional distillation: Separates a mixture of liquids with different boiling points using a fractionating column.
分馏：利用分馏柱分离沸点不同的液体混合物。
Chromatography: Separates dissolved substances by their different attraction to a stationary phase and a mobile phase.
色谱法：利用溶解物质对固定相和流动相的不同吸引力进行分离。
10. Energy Changes in Reactions | 化学反应中的能量变化
Chemical reactions are accompanied by energy transfers. Understanding whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic is assessed frequently.
化学反应伴有能量转移。判断反应是吸热还是放热是常考的考点。
Exothermic reaction: Transfers energy to the surroundings, usually heating them up; the products have less energy than the reactants.
放热反应：向环境释放能量，通常使环境温度升高；生成物的能量低于反应物。
Endothermic reaction: Takes in energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop; products have more energy than reactants.
吸热反应：从环境中吸收能量，导致温度下降；生成物的能量高于反应物。
Activation energy (Eₐ): Minimum energy needed for particles to collide successfully and start a reaction.
活化能 (Eₐ)：粒子发生有效碰撞并引发反应所需的最低能量。
Reaction profile: A diagram showing the energy change during a reaction; the peak represents the activation energy.
反应历程图：显示反应过程中能量变化的图表；最高点代表活化能。
Everyday examples: Combustion (exothermic), thermal decomposition (endothermic), citric acid + sodium hydrogencarbonate (endothermic).
生活中的例子：燃烧（放热）、热分解（吸热）、柠檬酸与小苏打反应（吸热）。
11. Rates of Reaction & Collision Theory | 反应速率与碰撞理论
The rate of a reaction tells us how quickly reactants are turned into products. Collision theory explains how particles must collide with sufficient energy and correct orientation.
反应速率告诉我们反应物转变为生成物的快慢。碰撞理论解释粒子必须具有足够能量且以正确取向碰撞才能发生反应。
Collision theory articles must collide with energy ≥ the activation energy and with the proper orientation.
碰撞理论：要发生反应，粒子必须以大于或等于活化能的能量碰撞，且碰撞取向适当。
Factors increasing rate: Higher temperature (increases particle energy and collision frequency), higher concentration of a solution, higher pressure of a gas (more particles per unit volume), larger surface area of solids, and use of a catalyst.
提高反应速率的因素：升高温度（提高粒子能量和碰撞频率）、增加溶液浓度、增大气体压强（单位体积粒子数增多）、增加固体表面积、使用催化剂。
Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up itself, by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy.
催化剂：能够加快反应速率而本身在反应前后质量不变的物质，它提供一条活化能更低的反应路径。
Measuring rate ume of gas, etc.) ÷ time. Typical experiments involve gas collection or observing a colour change.
测定反应速率：速率 = 某物理量（质量、气体体积等）的变化量 ÷ 时间。常用实验包括气体收集或观察颜色变化。
12. Crude Oil & Organic Chemistry Basics | 原油与有机化学基础
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes. Fractional distillation separates it into useful fractions, and cracking breaks long chains into more useful shorter ones.
原油是碳氢化合物（主要是烷烃）的混合物。分馏将其分离为有用的馏分，裂化将长链烃断裂为更有用的短链烃。
Hydrocarbon: A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
碳氢化合物：仅由碳和氢元素组成的化合物。
Alkane: A saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂, e.g., methane CH₄, ethane C₂H₆.
烷烃：饱和碳氢化合物，通式为 CₙH₂ₙ₊₂，例如甲烷 CH₄、乙烷 C₂H₆。
Fractional distillation: Separation based on boiling point differences; smaller hydrocarbons condense higher up the column where it is cooler.
分馏：根据沸点差异进行分离；较小碳氢化合物的沸点低，在分馏柱温度较低的高处冷凝。
Cracking s : Breaking long-chain alkanes into shorter alkanes and alkenes, often using heat and a catalyst. Alkenes are unsaturated (C=C double bond).
裂化：将长链烷烃断裂为短链烷烃和烯烃，通常需加热并使用催化剂。烯烃是不饱和烃（含有 C=C 双键）。
Alkene aturated hydrocarbon with at least one C=C bond; general formula CₙH₂ₙ, e.g., ethene C₂H₄.
烯烃：含有至少一个 C=C 双键的不饱和碳氢化合物；通式为 CₙH₂ₙ，例如乙烯 C₂H₄。
Test for unsaturation: Add bromine water; it turns from orange to colourless in the presence of an alkene.
不饱和键检验：加入溴水，遇到烯烃时溴水由橙黄色变为无色。
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