📚 Year 10 Eduqas Physics: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of physics is half the battle in understanding the subject. This guide will walk you through the most important terms for Year 10 Eduqas Physics and provide clever memory tricks to help them stick. Each section introduces key words with concise definitions, followed by mnemonic devices, word associations, and visual cues that turn abstract ideas into lasting memories.
掌握物理词汇是理解这门学科的关键一步。本指南将带你梳理 Year 10 Eduqas 物理最重要的术语，并提供巧妙的记忆技巧，让这些术语牢牢扎根脑中。每个部分都会用简明定义引入关键词，再配以记忆术、词根联想和视觉提示，把抽象概念转化成持久的记忆。
1. Motion Terminology | 运动学术语
Displacement (s) is the straight-line distance from start to finish with a specific direction; it is a vector. Distance, on the other hand, is a scalar that only measures the ground covered. Think of 'displacement' as 'the place you end up with direction'.
位移 (s) 是从起点到终点的直线距离并带有方向，是矢量。路程则是只量多少的标量。记忆：“位移”表示位置的移动，“移”中自带方向。
/ time, a scalar. Velocity = displacement / time, a vector. Use the letter V to remember: Velocity is a Vector; both start with V.
速率 = 路程 / 时间，标量。速度 = 位移 / 时间，矢量。用字母 V 记忆：Velocity（速度）和 Vector（矢量）都以 V 开头。
Acceleration = change in velocity / time, a = (v – on means any change in speed OR direction. Even turning at constant speed is acceleration.
加速度 = 速度变化量 / 时间，a = (v – u) / t。它也是矢量。加速不只是变快，方向改变也是加速，比如匀速转弯。
2. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律
A force is a push or pull, measured in newtons (N). It can change an object's speed, shape or direction. Forces are vectors. To remember contact vs non-contact forces, think: 'for contact I need a hand; non-contact magic from a distance.'
力是推或拉，单位牛顿 (N)，能改变物体的速度、形状或方向。力是矢量。记住接触力与非接触力：接触力要用手，非接触力是“远程魔法”。
Newton’s First Law: An object stays at rest or moves at constant velocity unless a resultant force acts. This is inertia – a tendency to resist change. Memory: 'Lazy objects keep doing what they are doing.'
牛顿第一定律：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动，除非受到合力作用。这就是惯性——抵抗变化的本性。记忆：“懒惰的物体就是不想变。”
Resultant force is the overall force after all forces have been combined. If resultant force is zero, the object is in equilibrium. Velocity stays constant.
合力是所有力合并后的总力。合力为零时物体处于平衡态，速度不变。记忆胶囊：零合力意味着速度冻结。
resultant force gives larger acceleration; larger mass gives smaller acceleration for the same force. Think of a small shopping trolley versus a loaded one.
牛顿第二定律：F = m × a。合外力越大加速度越大；质量越大相同力下加速度越小。想象轻购物车与满购物车的区别。
3. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy can be stored in many ways. The eight key stores: kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal, chemical, nuclear, magnetic, electrostatic. Acronym to remember: Kids Get Energy Through Chocolate, Nuts & Maltesers, Everyday (ignore the extra letters – it works!).
能量有多种储存形式。八个主要能量库：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能（内能）、化学能、核能、磁能、静电势能。可以用谐音记忆：“动重弹热化核磁电”，像一串咒语。
Kinetic energy Ek = ½ m v². Gravitational potential energy Ep = m g h. Memory: kinetic – think of 'kick it' energy; gravitational – height makes the 'g' grow.
动能 Ek = ½ m v²。重力势能 Ep = m g h。记忆：动能是“踢出去”的能量；重力势能越“高”g 越大。
Energy is transferred mechanically (by a force), electrically, by heating or by radiation. The law of conservation of energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one store to another. 'Energy is never lost, just moves house.'
能量可通过做功（力）、电流、加热或辐射转移。能量守恒定律：能量不会凭空产生或消失，只会从一种储存转为另一种。“能量不消失，只是换了个家。”
4. Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat | 比热容与潜热
Specific heat capacity (c) is the energy needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. High c means lots of energy for a small temperature rise – water is a champion. Memory: 'Specific' tells you how 'stubborn' the substance is to heat up.
比热容 (c) 是使 1 kg 物质升高 1 °C 所需的能量。比热容大，升温慢——水就是如此。记忆：“比”热容就是比较“脾气”，脾气越大越难热。
Change in thermal energy ΔE = m c Δθ. The triangle symbol Δ means 'change in'. For water, c = 4200 J/kg°C – remember '4200 – water's energy bank'.
热能变化 ΔE = m c Δθ。Δ 代表“变化量”。水的比热容是 4200 J/kg°C，可记作“水有 4200 的能量存款”。
Latent heat is the energy needed to change state without changing temperature. Specific latent heat of fusion (melting) and vaporisation (boiling). Latent means 'hidden' – the energy goes into breaking bonds, not raising temperature.
潜热是改变状态而不改变温度所需的能量。熔化潜热和汽化潜热。潜热意为“隐藏的热”，能量用来打破分子间作用力，而非升温。“潜”就是温度不露面。
5. Wave Properties | 波的性质
consecutive crests; frequency (f) is the number of waves per second, unit hertz (Hz). Period T = 1 / f.
波传递能量而不传递物质。振幅是偏离平衡位置的最大位移；波长 (λ) 是两个相邻波峰的距离；频率 (f) 是每秒波的个数，单位赫兹 (Hz)；周期 T = 1 / f。
Wave speed v = f λ. Use the 'wave triangle' as a visual: cover the one you need. Frequency and wavelength are inversely linked – high f means short λ.
波速 v = f λ。用波速三角记忆：遮盖所求的量。频率与波长成反比——高频率则短波长。
ht, ripples). Longitudinal waves: oscillations parallel to wave travel (e.g. sound). Think 'trans' = across, 'long' = along.
横波：振动方向与传播方向垂直（光、水波）。纵波：振动方向与传播方向平行（声波）。记法：横向“横切”，纵向“顺长”。
6. The Electromagnetic Spectrum | 电磁波谱
. Order from longest to shortest wavelength: Radio, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma. Acronym: Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns.
电磁波是横波，真空中速度相同 (3.0 × 10⁸ m/s)。按波长从长到短：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线、伽马射线。记忆口诀：“Red Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns” 或中文“无线微红可紫X伽”。
The frequency and energy increase from radio to gamma. Gamma has the shortest wavelength and highest penetrating power. Visible light is the only part we see – remember ROYGBIV for the colours red to violet.
频率和能量从无线电波到伽马射线递增。伽马射线波长最短、穿透力最强。可见光是唯一可见的部分，红橙黄绿蓝靛紫（ROYGBIV）。
7. Electricity Basics: Current and Charge | 电流基础：电流与电荷
Q / t. The unit of charge is the coulomb (C), current in amperes (A). Think of current as 'how many charges pass per second' on . Electron flow is from negative to positive, but conventional current flows positive to negative.
电流是电荷流动的速率，I = Q / t。电荷单位库仑 (C)，电流单位安培 (A)。可以想象电流是每秒通过的电荷“人流”。电子从负极流向正极，但常规电流方向从正到负。
In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere. In a parallel circuit, current splits at junctions but total current is conserved. 'Current is lazy – it finds all paths but total flow stays the same.'
串联电路中电流处处相等。并联电路中电流在分支点分流，但总电流守恒。“电流很懒，每条路都想走，但总量包住。”
s carried by electrons, each carrying an elementary charge e = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C. To remember: 'Q is the quantity of tiny charge packets.'
电荷 (Q) 由电子携带，每个电子带元电荷 e = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C。记忆：Q 是一堆“电块”的量。
8. Voltage, Resistance, and Ohm’s Law | 电压、电阻与欧姆定律
energy transferred per unit charge, V = E / Q, measured in volts (V). Think of voltage as 'electrical pressure' that pushes current.
电压（电势差）是单位电荷转移的能量，V = E / Q，单位伏特 (V)。把电压想象成推动电流的“电压水压”。
rrent, unit ohm (Ω). Ohm’s Law: V = I × R for a component at constant temperature. Memory: 'V = IR' – Virginia is a Resistor (V=I×R).
电阻 (R) 阻碍电流流动，单位欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律：恒温下 V = I × R。记忆：V=IR，像人名“维吉尼亚是电阻”。
For an ohmic conductor, current is directly proportional to voltage; graph is a straight line through origin. Higher resistance gives a shallower gradient.
对欧姆导体，电流与电压成正比，I-V 图是过原点的直线。电阻越大，斜率越小。导线温度升高电阻通常增大。
9. Domestic Electricity and Electrical Safety | 家用电力与安全
neutral wire (blue) completes circuit, earth wire (green/yellow) is a safety path. Memory: 'brown is on the ground' – no, but 'brown = live, don’t touch this clive!' Use the phrase: 'BrOwn Live, BlUe Neutral, Green earth.'
英国市电为 230 V 交流电，频率 50 Hz。火线（棕）带电，零线（蓝）形成回路，地线（绿/黄）为安全通路。记忆法：“棕火、蓝零、绿护地”。
Fuses and circuit breakers prevent overheating. A fuse contains a thin wire that melts if current is too high. Earth wire and fuse together protect against electric shock: if a fault makes the case live, large current blows the fuse.
保险丝和断路器防止过热。保险丝内有细金属丝，电流过大时熔断。地线与保险丝配合防触电：若外壳意外带电，大电流会使保险丝熔断切断电路。
t. The unit kilowatt-hour (kWh) is used for domestic billing. 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ J. Memory: 'power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy.'
功率 P = I × V，也可 P = I² R。电能 E = P t。家庭用电计费用千瓦时 (kWh)，1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ J。记忆：“功率是做功的快慢”。
10. Particle Model and Gas Pressure | 粒子模型与气体压强
The particle model describes the arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases. Solids: tightly packed, vibrate in fixed positions. Liquids: close together, can slide past each other. Gases: far apart, move rapidly in all directions. Memory: 'Solid stands, liquid slides, gas flies.'
粒子模型描述固液气中粒子的排布与运动。固体：紧密排列，原位振动。液体：靠得近，可相互滑动。气体：相隔远，快速自由运动。记忆：“固站、液滑、气飞”。
ge kinetic energy, so particles hit walls more often and harder → higher pressure. Memory: 'Hot gas bangs harder.'
气体压强源于粒子撞击器壁。升温使平均动能增大，撞击更频繁更猛烈→压强升高。记忆：“热气球更猛”。
y collisions with fast-moving invisible molecules. This proves the kinetic particle model. 'Pollen zig-zag = molecules bombarding.'
布朗运动是微细颗粒（如花粉）因被不可见分子碰撞而做的无规则运动，证实粒子模型。“花粉乱跳舞，只因分子在踢球。”
11. Atomic Structure and Isotopes | 原子结构与同位素
n relative mass = 1, charge +1. Neutron mass = 1, charge 0. Electron mass = 1/1840, charge –1. Most of the atom is empty space.
原子由致密原子核（质子、中子）与核外电子层构成。质子相对质量为 1，带 +1 电荷；中子质量 1，不带电；电子质量约 1/1840，带 –1 电荷。原子大部分是虚空。
number Z = number of protons. Mass number A = protons + neutrons. To find neutrons: N = A – Z. Isotopes have same Z but different A (different neutrons). 'Isotope' – same proton 'iso-', different neutron number.
原子序数 Z = 质子数；质量数 A = 质子 + 中子数。中子数 N = A – Z。同位素质子数相同而中子数不同，即 Z 同 A 不同。记法：“同位就是同质子位，中子数另算。”
ing a charged ion. Positive ion = lost electrons; negative ion = gained electrons. Memory: 'Cat-ions are positive (cats have paws-itive energy).'
电离：原子得失电子形成带电离子。失电子成正离子，得电子成负离子。记忆：阳离子（正）像“阳光”一样，习惯丢电子。
12. Radioactive Decay | 放射性衰变
ed by paper, highly ionising. Beta = fast electron, stopped by a few mm of aluminium, moderately ionising. Gamma = EM wave, stopped by thick lead or concrete, weakly ionising but very penetrating.
不稳定原子核通过放射射线趋于稳定。三种类型：α (氦核), β (电子), γ (电磁波)。α 可被纸阻挡，电离能力最强；β 可被几毫米铝板阻挡，电离能力中等；γ 需厚铅或混凝土阻挡，电离最弱但穿透力最强。“α 胖子纸挡住，β 瘦子铝来堵，γ 光子最狡猾，厚铅才能防。”
Radioactive decay is random: we cannot predict when a single nucleus will decay. Activity is the number of decays per second, measured in becquerels (Bq). Half-life is the time for half the nuclei in a sample to decay. Memory: 'half-life means half gone.'
放射性衰变是随机的，无法预测单个原子核何时衰变。活度是每秒衰变次数，单位贝可 (Bq)。半衰期是半数原子核衰变所需时间。记忆：“半衰期，减一半”。
Applications: alpha used in smoke detectors (ionises air), beta for thickness monitoring, gamma for sterilisation and cancer treatment. Shielding, time and distance reduce exposure. Remember: 'Alpha for alarm, beta for paper thickness, gamma for treating tumours.'
应用：α 用于烟雾探测（电离空气），β 测厚仪，γ 用于灭菌与癌症治疗。防护三要素：屏蔽、时间、距离。记忆：“α 警报，β 测厚，γ 治瘤”。
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