📚 Year 10 Eduqas Physics: Core Concepts Revision | Year 10 Eduqas 物理：核心知识点梳理
This article summarises the essential topics covered in the first year of the Eduqas GCSE Physics course. Each section highlights key definitions, equations and typical exam applications to help you build a solid foundation for Year 11.
本文梳理了Eduqas GCSE物理课程第一年的核心主题。每个小节都突出了关键定义、公式以及常见考题应用，帮助你为Year 11的学习打下坚实基础。
1. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy is measured in joules (J) and can be stored in different ways: kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic (or strain), thermal (internal), chemical, nuclear, magnetic and electrostatic.
能量以焦耳（J）为单位，可以储存在不同形式中：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能（内能）、化学能、核能、磁能和静电能。
Energy can be transferred between stores by four pathways: mechanically (by a force doing work), electrically (by an electric current), by heating or by radiation (light and sound).
能量可以通过四种途径在储存之间转移：机械方式（力做功）、电学方式（电流做功）、加热或辐射（光和声）。
In a closed system, the total energy before a transfer equals the total energy after the transfer. This is the principle of conservation of energy.
在一个封闭系统中，转移前的总能量等于转移后的总能量。这就是能量守恒定律。
2. Work Done and Power | 功与功率
Work done (J) = force (N) × distance moved in the direction of the force (m), or W = F d.
功是力使物体移动时所转移的能量。功（J）= 力（N）× 沿力方向移动的距离（m），即 W = F d。
transferred or work is done. Power (W) = energy transferred (J) ÷ time (s), or P = E / t.
功率是能量转移或做功的快慢。功率（W）= 转移的能量（J）÷ 时间（s），即 P = E / t。
A powerful machine transfers more energy each second. Lifting a weight quickly requires a higher power than lifting it slowly.
一台功率大的机器每秒转移更多的能量。快速提升重物比缓慢提升需要更大的功率。
3. Energy Resources | 能源
Energy resources can be renewable (solar, wind, wave, tidal, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass) or non‑renewable (fossil fuels like coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear fuel).
能源可分为可再生能源（太阳能、风能、波浪能、潮汐能、水力发电、地热能、生物质能）和不可再生能源（化石燃料如煤、石油、天然气，以及核燃料）。
Fossil fuels are burned to release thermal energy, which is used to boil water; the steam drives a turbine connected to a generator. This process is common in power stations.
化石燃料燃烧释放热能，用来把水煮沸；蒸汽推动与发电机相连的涡轮。这是发电站中常见的流程。
Renewable resources do not run out and often produce no greenhouse gases during operation, but some are intermittent and depend on weather conditions.
可再生能源不会耗尽，运行时通常不产生温室气体，但有些能源具有间歇性，依赖天气条件。
4. Electrical Circuits: Current and Voltage | 电路：电流与电压
Electric current is the flow of charge. In metals, current is a movement of electrons. Current (I) is measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter connected in series.
电流是电荷的流动。在金属中，电流是电子的运动。电流（I）以安培（A）为单位，用串联在电路中的电流表测量。
Potential difference (voltage) is the energy transferred per unit of charge. It is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter connected in parallel across a component.
电势差（电压）是每单位电荷转移的能量。它以伏特（V）为单位，用并联在元件两端的电压表测量。
me (t), or Q = I t. A current of 2 A flowing for 3 s transfers a charge of 6 coulombs (C).
电荷量（Q）= 电流（I）× 时间（t），即 Q = I t。2 A 电流通过 3 s 所转移的电荷量为 6 库仑（C）。
5. Resistance and Ohm’s Law | 电阻与欧姆定律
asured in ohms (Ω). Resistance (R) = potential difference (V) ÷ current (I), or R = V / I.
电阻阻碍电流的流动，以欧姆（Ω）为单位。电阻（R）= 电势差（V）÷ 电流（I），即 R = V / I。
An ohmic conductor maintains a constant resistance at a constant temperature, so the graph of V against I is a straight line through the origin.
欧姆导体在恒温下保持电阻不变，因此 V 对 I 的图像是一条通过原点的直线。
The resistance of a filament lamp increases as the current increases because the metal filament gets hotter. For a diode, current only flows in one direction.
灯丝的电阻随电流增大而增加，因为金属灯丝变热。对于二极管，电流只能沿一个方向流动。
6. Series and Parallel Circuits | 串联与并联电路
In a series circuit, the current is the same at every point. The total potential difference of the power supply is shared between the components.
在串联电路中，各处电流相等。电源的总电势差被各元件分担。
The total resistance in series is the sum of the individual resistances: Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + …
串联电路的总电阻等于各个电阻之和：Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + …
In a parallel circuit, the potential difference across each branch is the same as the supply voltage. The total current is the sum of the currents through each branch.
在并联电路中，每条支路两端的电势差等于电源电压。总电流等于各支路电流之和。
Adding resistors in parallel decreases the total resistance, because there are more paths for the current to flow through.
并联电阻会降低总电阻，因为有更多的路径供电流通过。
7. Particle Model and Density | 粒子模型与密度
The particle model describes solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle arrangement, motion and spacing. In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions; in liquids, they move past each other; in gases, they move freely and rapidly.
粒子模型根据粒子的排列、运动和间距来描述固体、液体和气体。固体中，粒子在固定位置振动；液体中，粒子相互滑过；气体中，粒子自由快速运动。
ed in kg/m³. Regular solid and liquid densities can be found using a balance and a ruler or a displacement method.
密度（ρ）是单位体积的质量：ρ = 质量（kg）÷ 体积（m³）。单位为 kg/m³。规则固体和液体的密度可用天平和尺子或排水法测定。
Changes of state occur when particles gain or lose energy. The state changes are melting, freezing, boiling (evaporating), condensing and sublimation.
当粒子获得或失去能量时，会发生物态变化。物态变化包括熔化、凝固、沸腾（蒸发）、凝结和升华。
8. Specific Heat Capacity | 比热容
Specific heat capacity (c) is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. The unit is J/(kg °C).
比热容（c）是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量，单位为 J/(kg °C)。
Energy change (ΔE) = mass (m) × specific heat capacity (c) × temperature change (Δθ).
ΔE = m c Δθ
Water has a high specific heat capacity (about 4200 J/(kg °C)), meaning it takes a lot of energy to heat up. This makes it useful for cooling and central heating systems.
水的比热容很高（约 4200 J/(kg °C)），这意味着加热水需要大量能量。因此水常用于冷却和中央供暖系统。
9. Changes of State and Latent Heat | 物态变化与潜热
Specific latent heat is the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature. The latent heat of fusion is for solid–liquid changes; the latent heat of vaporisation is for liquid–gas changes.
比潜热是使 1 kg 物质在温度不变的情况下改变状态所需的能量。熔化潜热用于固–液变化；汽化潜热用于液–气变化。
y for a change of state (ΔE) = mass (m) × specific latent heat (L). The unit of L is J/kg.
ΔE = m L
During melting or boiling, energy is used to break bonds between particles, so the temperature remains constant. This explains flat sections on a heating graph.
在熔化或沸腾过程中，能量用于打破粒子之间的键，因此温度保持不变。这解释了加热曲线上的平台部分。
10. Atomic Structure and Radioactivity | 原子结构与放射性
Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in energy levels. Most of the mass is in the nucleus; most of the atom is empty space.
原子由包含质子和中子的原子核以及处于不同能级的电子组成。大部分质量集中在原子核；原子的绝大部分是空的。
Some nuclei are unstable and emit ionising radiation. The three types are alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ). Alpha is highly ionising but least penetrating; gamma is the most penetrating but least ionising.
一些原子核不稳定，会发出电离辐射。三种类型是 α、β 和 γ 辐射。α 辐射电离能力最强但穿透力最弱；γ 辐射穿透力最强但电离能力最弱。
The activity of a radioactive source is measured in becquerels (Bq), where 1 Bq is one decay per second. Half‑life is the time taken for the activity to halve.
放射源的活度以贝克勒尔（Bq）为单位，1 Bq 表示每秒衰变一次。半衰期是活度衰减到一半所需的时间。
11. Forces and Hooke’s Law | 力与胡克定律
Forces are pushes or pulls, measured in newtons (N). They can cause objects to accelerate, decelerate or change shape. A force is a vector quantity: it has both magnitude and direction.
力是推或拉，以牛顿（N）为单位。力可以使物体加速、减速或改变形状。力是矢量，既有大小也有方向。
provided the elastic limit is not exceeded: F = k e, where k is the spring constant (N/m).
胡克定律指出，在不超过弹性极限的情况下，弹簧的伸长量与所施加的力成正比：F = k e，其中 k 为弹簧常数（N/m）。
Work done in stretching a spring is equal to the elastic potential energy stored. This is found from the area under the force–extension graph.
拉伸弹簧所做的功等于储存的弹性势能。这可以从力–伸长图所围面积求得。
12. Wave Properties and the EM Spectrum | 波的性质与电磁波谱
Waves transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter. Transverse waves (e.g. water waves, electromagnetic waves) have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Longitudinal waves (e.g. sound) have oscillations parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波（例如水波、电磁波）的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直。纵波（例如声波）的振动方向与能量传递方向平行。
uency (f) × wavelength (λ). Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz), wavelength in metres (m).
v = f λ
ecreasing wavelength, is: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X‑rays and gamma rays. All travel at the same speed in a vacuum (3 × 10⁸ m/s).
电磁波谱按频率递增、波长递减的顺序为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线和伽马射线。它们在真空中都以相同的速度（3 × 10⁸ m/s）传播。
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