📚 Year 11 Edexcel Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 Edexcel 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specialist vocabulary of Edexcel GCSE Psychology is the fastest way to improve both your knowledge and your exam marks. Terms from research methods, social influence, memory, neuropsychology and the optional topics underpin every question. This guide uses dual-language explanations, bite-sized definitions and memorable shortcuts to help Year 11 learners lock down terminology with confidence – exactly as examiners expect to see it.
掌握 Edexcel GCSE 心理学专业词汇是提升学科理解与考试分数的捷径。研究方法、社会影响、记忆、神经心理学以及选修主题的核心术语贯穿所有考题。本指南用中英双语释义、精炼定义和记忆诀窍，帮助 Year 11 学生自信地吃透术语，达到阅卷官的期待。
1. Research Methods Essentials | 研究方法核心术语
A solid grasp of research methods is the bedrock of psychology. These concepts describe how studies are designed, how variables are measured and how we can be confident in the conclusions.
扎实掌握研究方法是心理学的基石。这些概念描述了研究如何设计、变量如何测量，以及我们如何对结论抱有信心。
Independent variable (IV) – The factor the researcher deliberately manipulates or changes to see if it has an effect on the dependent variable.
自变量 (IV) – 研究者有意操纵或改变的因素，用来观察它是否对因变量产生影响。
Dependent variable (DV) – The factor that is measured; it should change because of the manipulation of the independent variable.
因变量 (DV) – 被测量的因素；它应因自变量的操纵而发生变化。
Extraneous variable – Any variable other than the IV that might affect the DV if it is not controlled. A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable that actually changes alongside the IV.
额外变量 – 除 IV 之外任何可能影响 DV 的变量，若不加控制会混淆结果。混淆变量是随 IV 同步变动的额外变量。
Random allocation – A technique for assigning participants to different conditions so that every person has an equal chance of being placed in any group. This helps control participant variables.
随机分配 – 一种将参与者分配到不同实验条件下的技术，确保每人有均等机会进入任何一组，有助于控制被试变量。
Counterbalancing – A method used to control order effects in repeated measures designs; half the participants experience condition A first and half experience condition B first.
平衡法 – 用于在重复测量设计中控制顺序效应的方法；一半参与者先接受条件 A，另一半先接受条件 B。
2. Memory Model Key Terms | 记忆模型关键术语
The multi-store model and theories of forgetting introduce a language for describing how information flows through the mind. These terms are essential for questions on Bartlett, Peterson & Peterson, and Murdock.
多存储模型与遗忘理论引入了一套描述信息在头脑中如何流动的语言。这些术语对 Bartlett、Peterson & Peterson 以及 Murdock 相关考题至关重要。
Sensory register – The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information. It has a huge capacity but duration of less than a second for visual information.
感觉登记 – 对感觉信息瞬时、极短暂的记录。容量很大，但视觉信息的保持时间不足一秒。
Short-term memory (STM) – A limited-capacity, limited-duration store where information is held for around 18–30 seconds. Without rehearsal, information decays rapidly.
短时记忆 (STM) – 容量和保持时间有限的存储器，信息可维持约 18–30 秒。若不加以复述，信息会迅速消退。
Long-term memory (LTM) – A store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration. Information is largely held in terms of meaning (semantic coding).
长时记忆 (LTM) – 容量和保持时间近乎无限的存储器。信息主要以意义（语义编码）形式储存。
Chunking – Grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units to expand the effective capacity of STM.
组块化 – 将单个信息片段组合成更大的、有意义单元，以扩展短时记忆的有效容量。
Context-dependent forgetting – The finding that recall is better when the external environment at retrieval matches the environment at encoding.
情境依存遗忘 – 当提取时的外部环境与编码时一致时，回忆效果更好。
Interference theory – The idea that forgetting occurs because other memories disrupt retrieval, either through proactive interference (old disrupts new) or retroactive interference (new disrupts old).
干扰理论 – 遗忘因其他记忆干扰提取而发生，分为前摄干扰（旧信息干扰新信息）和倒摄干扰（新信息干扰旧信息）。
Memory tip: To remember the direction of interference, think 'PROactive = Problems moving FORward, RETROactive = REverses backward'.
记忆提示：联想 "前摄 = 旧阻碍新", "倒摄 = 新扰乱旧"。
3. Social Influence & Conformity | 社会影响与从众
Social psychology vocabulary explains why people yield to group pressure, obey authority or resist influence. These terms underpin classic studies by Asch, Milgram and Zimbardo.
社会心理学词汇解释了人们为何屈服于群体压力、服从权威或抵制影响。这些术语支撑着 Asch、Milgram 和 Zimbardo 等经典研究。
Conformity – A change in a person's behaviour or beliefs as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
从众 – 因真实或想象中群体压力而导致个人行为或信念的改变。
Normative social influence – Conforming to be liked or accepted by the group, driven by the desire to fit in.
规范社会影响 – 为获得群体喜欢或接纳而从众，源于归属需求。
Informational social influence – Conforming because you believe the group has the correct information, especially in ambiguous situations.
信息社会影响 – 因相信群体拥有正确信息而从众，尤其在情境模糊时。
Obedience – Following a direct order from an authority figure, even if it conflicts with personal conscience.
服从 – 遵从权威人物的直接命令，即使与个人良知相悖。
Agentic state – A mental state in which an individual acts as an agent for an authority figure, thereby feeling reduced personal responsibility.
代理状态 – 个体充当权威人物代理人的心理状态，个人责任感降低。
Minority influence – A form of social influence in which a small group or individual changes the majority's views through consistency, commitment and flexibility.
少数人影响 – 少数群体或个体通过一致性、投入和灵活性改变多数人观点的社会影响形式。
4. Attachment Across Development | 发展中的依恋
Attachment theory provides a vocabulary for the emotional bond between infant and caregiver, as well as the long-term effects on relationships. Key terms appear in questions about Ainsworth's Strange Situation and Bowlby's theory.
依恋理论为婴儿与照料者间的情感纽带及其对关系的长期影响提供了术语体系。关键术语出现在关于 Ainsworth 陌生情境和 Bowlby 理论的问题中。
Attachment – A strong, enduring emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver, characterised by proximity seeking and distress at separation.
依恋 – 婴儿与主要照料者之间强烈而持久的情感纽带，表现为寻求亲近和分离时痛苦。
Secure attachment – A healthy attachment style in which the infant uses the caregiver as a safe base for exploration and is easily comforted after distress.
安全型依恋 – 健康的依恋风格，婴儿将照料者作为探索的安全基地，痛苦后易于被安抚。
Insecure-avoidant attachment – A style marked by the infant's avoidance of the caregiver and low distress on separation; often linked to unresponsive caregiving.
不安全-回避型依恋 – 婴儿回避照料者、分离时痛苦程度低的风格，常与照料者反应迟钝相关。
Monotropy – Bowlby's concept that infants form one special, primary attachment that is qualitatively different from all others.
单一依恋偏向 – Bowlby 的概念，婴儿会形成一个特殊的、高质量的初级依恋，与其他依恋不同。
Internal working model – A mental representation of the first attachment relationship that serves as a template for future relationships.
内部工作模型 – 初始依恋关系的心理表征，成为未来关系的模板。
5. Psychopathology Terminology | 心理病理学术语
Psychopathology topics require precise language around definitions of abnormality and treatments for phobias. The terms here link to both classification systems and clinical practice.
心理病理学主题需要精确的语言来描述异常定义和恐惧症治疗。此处术语关联分类系统与临床实践。
Statistical infrequency – Defining abnormality through behaviours that are statistically rare, based on the normal distribution curve.
统计罕见性 – 根据正态分布曲线，将通过统计频率极低的行为定义为异常。
Deviation from social norms – Defining abnormality as behaviour that violates the unwritten rules or expectations of a society.
社会规范偏离 – 将违反社会不成文规则或期望的行为定义为异常。
Failure to function adequately – Defining abnormality in terms of an inability to cope with everyday life, causing personal distress or observer discomfort.
功能不良 – 因无法应对日常生活、造成个人痛苦或他人不适而定义异常。
Systematic desensitisation – A behavioural therapy for phobias that gradually introduces a feared stimulus while pairing it with relaxation, progressing through an anxiety hierarchy.
系统脱敏 – 一种恐惧症行为疗法，逐步引入恐惧刺激并与放松配对，沿着焦虑层级推进。
Flooding – An immediate, prolonged exposure to a high-intensity feared stimulus in a safe environment, aiming to exhaust the fear response.
暴露疗法 (冲击疗法) – 在安全环境中立即、长时间地暴露于高强度的恐惧刺激，旨在耗尽恐惧反应。
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) – A therapy that challenges irrational thoughts and replaces them with more rational ones, often using the ABC model (Activating event, Belief, Consequence).
认知行为疗法 (CBT) – 挑战非理性想法并用更理性的想法替代的疗法，常使用 ABC 模型（激发事件、信念、后果）。
6. Brain & Neuropsychology Basics | 大脑与神经心理学基础
Neuropsychology introduces terms that link biological structures to behaviour. You need to use them accurately when discussing localisation, brain scans or synaptic transmission.
神经心理学引入了将生物结构与行为联系在一起的术语。在讨论功能定位、脑部扫描或突触传递时，需要准确使用它们。
Localisation of function – The principle that specific areas of the brain are responsible for particular behaviours and cognitive processes.
功能定位 – 大脑特定区域负责特定行为和认知过程的原理。
Lateralisation – The tendency for some functions to be controlled more by one hemisphere of the brain than the other, e.g. language typically in the left hemisphere.
偏侧化 – 某些功能更多由一侧脑半球控制的倾向，如语言通常位于左半球。
Hemispheric specialisation – The idea that the two hemispheres perform distinct, complementary roles, although they work together.
半球功能特化 – 两个半球执行不同但又互补的角色，尽管它们协同工作。
Synaptic transmission – The process by which a nerve impulse crosses the synapse from one neuron to the next, involving neurotransmitters released from vesicles.
突触传递 – 神经冲动跨越突触由一个神经元传到下一个的过程，涉及囊泡释放神经递质。
fMRI – Functional magnetic resonance imaging; a brain-scanning technique that measures blood flow changes to map active brain areas during tasks.
功能磁共振成像 (fMRI) – 一种通过测量血流变化来绘制任务期间活跃脑区的脑扫描技术。
Memory tip: Think 'FM Radio maps brain activity' – fMRI maps function.
记忆提示：联想 "功能性磁共振像电台地图般绘制脑活动"。
7. Criminal Psychology Concepts | 犯罪心理学概念
Criminal psychology topic vocabulary covers learning theories of offending and interventions used in the justice system. Being precise about reinforcement and token economies will strengthen your answers.
犯罪心理学主题词汇涵盖犯罪的学习理论及司法体系中使用的干预措施。精确地讨论强化和代币经济能增强答案的说服力。
Operant conditioning – Learning through consequences; behaviour is shaped by reinforcement (increases behaviour) and punishment (decreases behaviour).
操作性条件反射 – 通过学习后果来塑造行为；强化增加行为，惩罚减少行为。
Positive reinforcement – Adding a desirable stimulus after a behaviour to increase the likelihood of that behaviour occurring again.
正强化 – 在行为后添加愉快刺激，以增加该行为未来发生的可能性。
Negative reinforcement – Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a behaviour to strengthen it; not the same as punishment.
负强化 – 在行为后移除不愉快刺激以强化该行为；注意与惩罚不同。
Token economy – A behaviour-modification system based on operant conditioning, where desired behaviours are reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for rewards.
代币经济 – 基于操作性条件反射的行为改造系统，个体表现出目标行为可获得代币，代币可兑换奖励。
Social learning theory – Learning through observation, imitation and modelling, particularly when the model is rewarded (vicarious reinforcement).
社会学习理论 – 通过观察、模仿和示范学习，尤其是看到榜样获得奖励时（替代强化）。
Anger management – A therapeutic programme that teaches individuals to recognise triggers and control anger through cognitive and behavioural strategies.
愤怒管理 – 通过认知和行为策略教会个体识别触发因素并控制愤怒的治疗方案。
8. Self & Identity Terms | 自我与身份术语
The self topic draws on humanistic theories and examines self-concept, congruence and conditions of worth. These terms often feature in discussion of Rogers' ideas.
自我主题借鉴人本主义理论，探讨自我概念、一致性及价值条件。这些术语经常出现在有关 Rogers 理论的讨论中。
Self-concept – The collection of beliefs an individual holds about who they are, including physical, social and psychological attributes.
自我概念 – 个体对自己是谁的全部信念，包括身体、社会和心理属性。
Self-esteem – The evaluative component of self-concept; how much a person values and accepts themselves.
自尊 – 自我概念的评价成分，反映个体重视和接纳自己的程度。
Ideal self – The person someone wishes to be; the gap between the ideal self and the actual self influences wellbeing.
理想自我 – 个体希望成为的人；理想自我与现实自我之间的差距会影响心理健康。
Congruence – The state in which the self-concept closely matches the ideal self, leading to psychological health according to Rogers.
一致性 – 自我概念与理想自我匹配良好的状态，Rogers 认为这带来心理健康。
Conditions of worth – The requirements an individual feels they must meet to be loved or valued by significant others, often leading to incongruence.
价值条件 – 个体感觉必须满足才能从重要他人那里获得爱或重视的条件，常导致不一致感。
Unconditional positive regard – Acceptance and support regardless of what the person says or does, central to Rogers' person-centred therapy.
无条件积极关注 – 无论个体言行如何都给予接纳与支持，是 Rogers 以人为中心疗法的核心。
9. Perception & Sensation | 感知与感觉
Perception terminology draws a clear line between raw sensory data and the interpretive processes of the brain. Depth cues, illusions and top-down processing feature regularly in exam questions.
感知术语在原始感觉数据和大脑解释过程之间画出清晰界限。深度线索、错觉和自上而下加工经常出现在考题中。
Sensation – The detection of physical energy by sense organs, which send information to the brain.
感觉 – 感觉器官对物理能量的探测，并将信息传递至大脑。
Perception – The brain's organisation and interpretation of sensory information to give it meaning.
知觉 – 大脑对感觉信息进行组织和解读并赋予其意义的过程。
Monocular depth cues – Visual clues about distance that can be perceived with one eye alone, such as relative size, linear perspective and occlusion.
单眼深度线索 – 可单眼感知的距离视觉线索，如相对大小、线条透视和遮挡。
Binocular disparity – The slight difference in the images seen by each eye due to their different positions, used by the brain to compute depth.
双眼视差 – 由于两眼位置不同造成视网膜成像的微小差异，大脑以此计算深度。
Top-down processing – Perception driven by prior experience, expectations and context, using existing schemas to interpret incoming information.
自上而下加工 – 由先前经验、期待和情境驱动的知觉，利用已有图式解读输入信息。
Müller-Lyer illusion – A well-known visual illusion where two lines of equal length appear different because of the direction of arrowheads at their ends.
Müller-Lyer 错觉 – 著名视错觉，两条等长线段因两端箭头方向不同而显得长度不一。
Memory tip: 'Top-down = trusting your brain's expectations; bottom-up = building from raw data.'
记忆提示：自上而下 = 依赖大脑期待；自下而上 = 从原始数据构建。
10. Sleep
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