📚 Year 11 Edexcel Psychology: Case Study Practice in Action | Year 11 Edexcel 心理学：案例分析实战演练
Welcome to this focused revision resource for Edexcel GCSE Psychology. Whether you are preparing for Paper 1 or consolidating your research methods knowledge, mastering the case study method is essential. In this guide, you will find practical exercises, classic examples, evaluation frameworks, and exam-style practice to sharpen your analytical skills.
欢迎使用这份专为 Edexcel GCSE 心理学准备的复习资源。无论你是在备考 Paper 1 还是在巩固研究方法知识，掌握案例研究法都至关重要。在本指南中，你将找到实战练习、经典案例、评估框架和考试风格演练，从而磨砺你的分析能力。
1. What is a Case Study? | 什么是案例研究？
A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event. Researchers gather detailed information from multiple sources such as interviews, observations, questionnaires, and psychological tests. In psychology, case studies often focus on unusual or unique phenomena that cannot be studied experimentally.
案例研究是对单个个体、群体或事件进行的深入调查。研究者通过访谈、观察、问卷和心理测验等多种来源收集详细信息。在心理学中，案例研究通常关注那些无法用实验研究的罕见或独特现象。
Case studies produce rich qualitative data and are idiographic, meaning they concentrate on the unique experience of the participant. Unlike nomothetic approaches that seek general laws, the idiographic method values the depth and complexity of individual stories.
案例研究产生丰富的定性数据，属于特殊规律研究法，即关注被试的独特经历。与寻求普遍规律的一般规律研究法不同，特殊规律研究法重视个体故事的深度与复杂性。
2. Strengths of Case Studies in Psychology | 案例研究的优势
One major strength is the level of detail obtained. Because researchers spend a long time with the participant or examine archival records exhaustively, they can uncover insights that would be missed in larger, more superficial surveys. For example, the case of Phineas Gage revealed the role of the frontal lobe in personality.
一大优势是能够获得极为详尽的信息。由于研究者长时间接触被试或全面查阅档案记录，他们能够发现那些在更大规模、更表面的调查中会被忽略的见解。例如，菲尼亚斯·盖奇的个案揭示了额叶在人格中的作用。
Case studies also allow the investigation of rare conditions. It would be unethical or impossible to experimentally manipulate brain damage or extreme neglect, so studying individuals like Genie (a child who suffered severe isolation) provides unique evidence about language development and the critical period hypothesis.
案例研究还能帮助我们研究罕见状况。实验性地制造脑损伤或极端忽视是不道德或不可能的，因此研究像 Genie（一名遭受严重隔离的儿童）这样的个案为语言发展和关键期假说提供了独特证据。
Furthermore, case studies can challenge existing theories and stimulate new hypotheses. The detailed observations can highlight inconsistencies in current explanations, leading to a refinement of psychological models.
此外，案例研究可以挑战现有理论并激发新的假设。细致的观察能够突出现有解释中的不一致，从而推动心理学模型的完善。
3. Limitations and Challenges of Case Studies | 案例研究的局限与挑战
Despite their depth, case studies suffer from poor generalisability. Because they focus on one person or a small group, the findings may not apply to others. The unique biology, history, and environment of a participant mean we cannot confidently draw universal conclusions.
尽管案例研究很深入，但它们的普遍性较差。由于只关注一个人或一个小群体，研究发现可能无法适用于他人。被试独特的生物特征、经历和环境意味着我们不能自信地得出普遍结论。
Researcher bias is another concern. The close relationship formed over time can lead the researcher to interpret data in a way that confirms their expectations. In Freud's case study of Little Hans, his own psychoanalytic framework heavily shaped the interpretation of the boy's fear of horses.
研究者偏见是另一个问题。长期建立起的密切关系可能导致研究者以符合自身预期的方式解释数据。在弗洛伊德对小汉斯的案例研究中，其精神分析理论框架很大程度上塑造了对男孩恐马症的解释。
Reliability is often low because case studies are difficult to replicate exactly. The circumstances are unique, and the same depth of data collection cannot be repeated easily. Moreover, memory distortions in retrospective accounts can reduce validity.
信度通常较低，因为案例研究难以精确重复。情境是独特的，同样深度的数据收集不易复制。此外，回溯叙述中的记忆扭曲会降低效度。
4. Ethical Considerations in Case Study Research | 案例研究中的伦理考量
Ethics are paramount when working intensively with individuals. Informed consent must be obtained, but it can be complex with children or individuals with cognitive impairments. For example, H.M. could not remember giving consent from one session to the next, so researchers had to seek ongoing consent from his family and caregivers.
在与个体深入合作时，伦理至关重要。必须获得知情同意，但对于儿童或有认知障碍的个体而言，这可能会很复杂。例如，H.M. 无法记住从一次实验到下一次实验给出的同意，因此研究者必须持续获得其家人和看护者的同意。
Confidentiality must be maintained, typically by using initials or pseudonyms. However, overly detailed descriptions can sometimes make a participant identifiable. Researchers must balance scientific transparency with the right to privacy.
保密性必须得到维护，通常通过使用首字母化名或假名。然而，过于详细的描述有时会使被试被认出。研究者必须在科学透明度与隐私权之间取得平衡。
Protection from psychological harm is also crucial. Probing traumatic events during intensive interviews may cause distress. Therefore, researchers should offer debriefing and the right to withdraw data, even in long-term case studies.
保护被试免受心理伤害同样关键。在深入访谈中探究创伤事件可能造成痛苦。因此，研究者应提供事后解释说明，并允许被试撤回数据，即便是在长期案例研究中。
5. Classic Case: Little Hans (Freud, 1909) | 经典案例：小汉斯
Little Hans was a five-year-old boy with a phobia of horses
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