📚 Year 11 Edexcel Psychology: Core Knowledge Summary | 11年级 Edexcel 心理学核心知识梳理
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the core topics in Year 11 Edexcel GCSE Psychology. It covers Development, Memory, Psychological Problems, Brain and Neuropsychology, Social Influence, Criminal Psychology, The Self, Perception, Sleep and Dreaming, and essential research methods – all aligned with the Edexcel specification.
本文全面梳理了Edexcel 11年级GCSE心理学的核心主题，涵盖发展心理学、记忆、心理问题、大脑与神经心理学、社会影响、犯罪心理学、自我、知觉、睡眠与梦境以及基本的研究方法，所有内容均与Edexcel考纲紧密贴合。
1. Development: Piaget & Dweck | 发展心理学：皮亚杰与德韦克
Piaget described four universal stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor (0-2 years) where infants learn through senses and motor actions; pre-operational (2-7 years) where children are egocentric and lack conservation; concrete operational (7-11 years) where they can conserve and think logically about concrete events; and formal operational (11+ years) where abstract reasoning develops.
皮亚杰描述了认知发展的四个普遍阶段：感觉运动阶段（0-2岁），婴儿通过感官和运动来学习；前运算阶段（2-7岁），儿童以自我为中心且缺乏守恒能力；具体运算阶段（7-11岁），能够进行守恒并对具体事件进行逻辑思考；形式运算阶段（11岁及以上），抽象推理能力发展起来。
Dweck's mindset theory distinguishes between a fixed mindset (believing intelligence is innate) and a growth mindset (believing intelligence can be developed). Research shows that praising effort rather than ability encourages a growth mindset and leads to better academic outcomes.
德韦克的心态理论区分了固定心态（认为智力是与生俱来的）和成长心态（认为智力是可以发展的）。研究表明，表扬努力而非能力可以培养成长心态，从而带来更好的学业成果。
2. Memory: Multi-Store Model & Reconstructive Memory | 记忆：多储存模型与重构记忆
Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model (1968) proposes that memory consists of three stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Information is transferred from STM to LTM via rehearsal, and forgetting can occur through decay or displacement.
阿特金森和希夫林的多储存模型（1968）提出记忆由三个储存库组成：感觉登记器、短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。信息通过复述从短时记忆转移到长时记忆，遗忘则可能由于消退或替代而发生。
Bartlett's theory of reconstructive memory argues that memory is not a perfect recording; it is reconstructed using schemas – mental frameworks shaped by experience. His 'War of the Ghosts' study showed that people distort stories to fit their own cultural schemas.
巴特利特的重构记忆理论认为，记忆不是完美的记录，而是利用图式——由经验塑造的心理框架——进行重建。他的“幽灵之战”研究表明，人们会歪曲故事以符合自己的文化图式。
3. Psychological Problems: Depression & Addiction | 心理问题：抑郁症与成瘾
Unipolar depression is characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest (anhedonia), changes in appetite and sleep, and feelings of worthlessness. Genetic, biological
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