📚 Year 11 Edexcel Economics: Core Knowledge Points Review | Year 11 Edexcel 经济核心知识点梳理
This comprehensive review covers the core knowledge points for Edexcel Year 11 Economics, including both microeconomic and macroeconomic topics. It is designed to help you consolidate key concepts, sharpen your exam technique, and build confidence for your assessments.
本综合复习涵盖 Edexcel Year 11 经济学的核心知识点，包括微观与宏观两大板块，旨在帮助你巩固关键概念、提升应试技巧，并为考试建立信心。
1. The Basic Economic Problem | 基本经济问题
Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem. It arises because resources are limited, yet human wants are infinite. This forces individuals, firms and governments to make choices about how to allocate scarce resources.
稀缺性是基本的经济问题。它之所以产生，是因为资源有限而人的欲望无限。这使得个人、企业和政府必须就如何分配稀缺资源做出选择。
The three basic economic questions that every economy must answer are: what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. These questions direct the allocation of land, labour, capital and enterprise.
每个经济体都必须回答的三个基本经济问题是：生产什么、如何生产以及为谁生产。这三个问题引导着土地、劳动力、资本和企业家才能等资源的配置。
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made. It is a central concept in decision-making for consumers, producers and governments.
机会成本是指做出选择时所放弃的次优选项的价值。它是消费者、生产者和政府进行决策时的核心概念。
2. Factors of Production | 生产要素
The four factors of production are land (natural resources), labour (human effort), capital (man-made aids to production) and enterprise (the willingness to take risks and organise the other three factors).
四种生产要素分别是土地（自然资源）、劳动力（人力付出）、资本（人造的生产辅助品）和企业家才能（承担风险并组织其他三种要素的意愿）。
Each factor receives a reward: land earns rent, labour earns wages, capital earns interest and enterprise earns profit. These rewards reflect the contribution each factor makes to production.
每种生产要素获得相应的报酬：土地获得地租，劳动力获得工资，资本获得利息，企业家才能获得利润。这些报酬反映了各要素对生产的贡献。
The mobility of factors varies. Labour may be occupationally mobile if workers retrain, and geographically mobile if they relocate. Capital is often less mobile in the short run.
要素的流动性各不相同。如果工人再培训，劳动力可以实现职业流动；如果工人搬迁，可以实现地理流动。资本在短期内通常流动性较低。
3. Opportunity Cost and Production Possibility Curve | 机会成本与生产可能性曲线
Opportunity cost is the highest-valued alternative given up when an economic decision is made. It applies to consumers choosing between goods, firms choosing production methods, and governments allocating budgets.
机会成本是做出经济决策时所放弃的最高价值选项。它适用于消费者在商品间做选择、企业选择生产方式，以及政府分配预算的情形。
A production possibility curve (PPC) shows the maximum possible output combinations of two goods an economy can produce when all resources are fully and efficiently used. Points inside the curve represent inefficient use of resources; points on the curve represent full efficiency.
生产可能性曲线（PPC）显示一个经济体在充分且高效利用所有资源时能够生产的两种产品的最大产量组合。曲线内的点代表资源使用无效率；曲线上的点代表充分效率。
An outward shift of the PPC indicates economic growth, which can be caused by an increase in the quantity or quality of resources, or technological progress. The PPC also illustrates opportunity cost through its downward slope.
PPC 向外移动表示经济增长，这可以由资源数量或质量的提高以及技术进步引起。PPC 的向下倾斜同时也体现了机会成本。
4. Demand and Supply | 需求与供给
The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, as the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded falls. The demand curve slopes downwards. Factors that shift the demand curve include changes in income, tastes, prices of substitutes and complements, and population.
需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，商品价格上升，需求量下降。需求曲线向下倾斜。使需求曲线移动的因素包括收入、偏好、替代品与互补品价格以及人口的变化。
The law of supply states that as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied rises, ceteris paribus. The supply curve slopes upwards. Shifts in supply can be caused by changes in production costs, technology, indirect taxes, subsidies and the number of firms.
供给定律指出，在其他条件不变时，价格上升，供给量上升。供给曲线向上倾斜。供给的移动可由生产成本、技术、间接税、补贴以及企业数量等因素的变化引起。
Market equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. If the market price is above equilibrium, there is excess supply; if price is below equilibrium, there is excess demand. Market forces tend to move price back towards equilibrium.
市场均衡出现在需求量等于供给量之处。若市场价格高于均衡，会出现超额供给；若低于均衡，则出现超额需求。市场力量会推动价格向均衡回归。
5. Price Elasticity of Demand and Supply | 需求价格弹性与供给价格弹性
Price elasticity of demand (PED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. It is calculated as:
需求价格弹性（PED）衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。它的计算公式为：
PED = % change in quantity demanded / % change in price
If PED is greater than 1, demand is price elastic; if less than 1, demand is inelastic; if equal to 1, demand is unit elastic. Factors influencing PED include availability of substitutes, luxury versus necessity, proportion of income and time period.
若 PED 大于 1，需求富有价格弹性；小于 1 则缺乏弹性；等于 1 则为单位弹性。影响 PED 的因素包括替代品的可获得性、奢侈品与必需品、支出占收入的比例以及时间长短。
Price elasticity of supply (PES) measures the responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price. It is calculated as:
供给价格弹性（PES）衡量供给量对价格变化的反应程度。它的计算公式为：
PES = % change in quantity supplied / % change in price
PES tends to be higher when firms have spare capacity, when stocks can be stored easily and when production can be adjusted quickly in the short run.
当企业有闲置产能、存货可以轻松储存以及短期内生产可以快速调整时，供给弹性往往较高。
6. Market Failure | 市场失灵
Market failure occurs when the free market fails to allocate resources efficiently, leading to a net welfare loss. Main types include externalities, public goods, information failure and market power.
市场失灵是指自由市场无法有效配置资源，从而导致净福利损失。主要类型包括外部性、公共品、信息不对称和市场势力。
Negative externalities arise when the social cost of production or consumption exceeds the private cost. Examples include pollution and passive smoking. Positive externalities occur when social benefits exceed private benefits, such as education and vaccination.
负外部性出现在生产或消费的社会成本大于私人成本时，例如污染和二手烟。正外部性出现在社会收益大于私人收益时，例如教育和疫苗接种。
Public goods are non-excludable and non-rival in consumption. A private market is unlikely to provide them in sufficient quantities because of the free-rider problem. Examples include street lighting and national defence.
公共品具有非排他性和消费上的非竞争性。由于搭便车问题，私人市场不大可能提供足够数量的公共品。例子包括路灯和国防。
7. Government Intervention | 政府干预
Governments intervene in markets to correct market failure and achieve a more efficient and equitable allocation of resources. Common methods include indirect taxation, subsidies, price controls, regulation and direct state provision.
政府干预市场以纠正市场失灵，实现更有效与更公平的资源配置。常见方法包括间接税、补贴、价格管制、法规监管以及直接的政府供给。
An indirect tax on a good with negative externalities, such as a sugar tax, increases the cost for producers and can reduce consumption, moving the market closer to the socially optimal level. A subsidy on a good with positive externalities, such as renewable energy, lowers the cost and encourages more consumption.
对具有负外部性的商品（如糖税）征收间接税会增加生产者成本，减少消费，使市场更接近社会最优水平。对具有正外部性的商品（如可再生能源）提供补贴降低其成本，鼓励更多消费。
Government failure can occur when intervention creates unintended consequences, such as excessive administrative costs, distortion of incentives, or information gaps, resulting in a less efficient outcome than the original market failure.
政府失灵可能发生在干预产生意外后果时，例如过高的行政成本、扭曲的激励或信息缺口，结果比最初的市场失灵更缺乏效率。
8. Macroeconomic Objectives | 宏观经济目标
Governments typically pursue several key macroeconomic objectives: sustainable economic growth, low and stable inflation, low unemployment, and a satisfactory balance of payments on current account, along with equitable income distribution and environmental protection.
政府通常追求若干关键宏观经济目标：可持续的经济增长、低而稳定的通胀、低失业率、满意的经常账户收支平衡，以及公平的收入分配和环境保护。
Economic growth is measured by the increase in a country's real gross domestic product (GDP). Inflation is usually measured by the consumer price index (CPI), and unemployment is measured by the claimant count or labour force survey.
经济增长通过一国实际国内生产总值（GDP）的增长来衡量。通货膨胀通常用消费者价格指数（CPI）衡量，失业通过申请人数或劳动力调查来衡量。
These objectives can come into conflict. For example, rapid economic growth may fuel demand-pull inflation and worsen the current account deficit if imports rise sharply. Policymakers often have to make trade-offs.
这些目标之间可能产生冲突。例如，快速的经济增长可能引发需求拉动的通胀，并且如果进口大幅增加，可能恶化经常账户赤字。政策制定者常常需要进行权衡。
9. Economic Growth and Unemployment | 经济增长与失业
Economic growth refers to an increase in the productive capacity of an economy, shown by an outward shift of the PPC or a rise in real GDP over time. Causes include increases in the quantity and quality of factors of production, technological advancements and rising productivity.
经济增长指经济生产能力提高，表现为 PPC 向外移动或实际 GDP 增长。原因包括生产要素数量与质量的提升、技术进步和生产率提高。
Real GDP per capita is often used to compare living standards across countries. However, it does not capture income distribution, negative externalities or non-market activities, so it is an imperfect measure of welfare.
人均实际 GDP 常被用于比较各国生活水平。但它不能反映收入分配、负外部性或非市场活动，因此是一个不完美的福利衡量指标。
Unemployment can be categorised into cyclical (demand-deficient) unemployment, structural unemployment caused by industrial change, frictional unemployment when workers are between jobs, and seasonal unemployment. High unemployment represents lost output and can increase government spending on benefits.
失业可分为周期性（需求不足）失业、产业结构变动引起的结构性失业、劳动者转换工作期间的摩擦性失业以及季节性失业。高失业率意味着产出损失，并可能增加政府的福利支出。
10. Inflation and International Trade | 通货膨胀与国际贸易
Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level. It is commonly measured by the consumer price index (CPI). Demand-pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand grows faster than aggregate supply, while cost-push inflation results from rising production costs such as wages or raw materials.
通货膨胀是总体价格水平持续上升的现象，通常用消费者价格指数衡量。需求拉动的通胀发生在总需求增长快于总供给时；成本推动的通胀则由工资或原材料等生产成本上升引起。
International trade allows countries to specialise according to comparative advantage and enjoy a wider variety of goods. Exports are goods sold abroad, and imports are goods purchased from abroad. A trade surplus occurs when exports exceed imports, while a trade deficit occurs when imports exceed exports.
国际贸易使各国能根据比较优势进行专业化生产，享受更丰富的商品种类。出口是在国外销售的商品，进口是从国外购买的商品。出口大于进口时出现贸易顺差，进口大于出口时出现贸易逆差。
Governments may impose protectionist measures such as tariffs (taxes on imports) and quotas (limits on quantities imported) to protect domestic industries. However, protectionism can lead to higher consumer prices, retaliation and inefficiency.
政府可能采取关税（对进口品征税）和配额（限制进口数量）等保护主义措施来保护国内产业。然而，保护主义可能导致消费者价格上升、招致报复和效率低下。
Exchange rates affect international competitiveness. A depreciation of a currency makes exports cheaper and imports dearer, potentially improving the trade balance, while an appreciation has the opposite effect.
汇率影响国际竞争力。货币贬值使出口更便宜、进口更贵，可能改善贸易收支；升值则产生相反效果。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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