📚 Year 10 WJEC Engineering: Key Terms Memory Guide | Year 10 WJEC 工程核心词汇速记指南
Mastering engineering terminology is half the battle in your WJEC Year 10 course. This guide groups essential terms by topic and pairs each with a memory trick, helping you lock in definitions without endless repetition.
掌握工程术语是 WJEC 十年级课程成功的一半。本指南按主题将关键术语分组，并为每个术语配上记忆窍门，帮助你无需反复死记硬背就能牢牢掌握定义。
1. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其性能
Ferrous metal – a metal containing iron, usually magnetic and prone to rust. Think of the Latin ferrum (iron). If a magnet sticks, it's likely ferrous.
铁系金属 – 含铁的金属，通常有磁性且易生锈。联想拉丁文 ferrum（铁）。磁铁能吸住的，多半是铁系金属。
Non-ferrous metal – a metal without iron, so it won' t easily and is often non-magnetic. Aluminium and copper are classic examples. Memory cue: 'non' = no iron.
非铁金属 – 不含铁的金属，不易生锈且通常无磁性。铝和铜是典型例子。记忆线索：“非”就是没有铁。
Alloy – a mixture of two or more elements, at least one being a metal, designed to improve properties. Steel is iron + carbon; brass is copper + zinc. Picture an 'alloy' as a metals' 'alliance'.
合金 – 由两种或以上元素（至少一种为金属）混合而成，旨在改善性能。钢是铁加碳，黄铜是铜加锌。把“合金”想象成金属的“联合体”。
Composite – best properties. Fibreglass (glass fibres + resin) and carbon fibre are composites. Think 'composite = combined strengths'.
复合材料 – 由两种不同材料组合而成，各自保持独立，协同发挥长处。玻璃钢（玻璃纤维+树脂）和碳纤维都是复合材料。记住“复合”就是“组合优势”。
Ductility – the ability to be drawn into a wire. Copper is highly ductile. Imagine 'duct' as in 'aqueduct' – a long, thin channel.
延展性（可拉丝性） – 能被拉成细丝的能力。铜的延展性极佳。联想“duct”如“aqueduct”（导水管）——又长又细的通道。
Malleability – the ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking. Gold leaf is supremely malleable. 'Malleable' sounds like 'mallet' – a hammer.
可锻性（展性） – 能承受锤打或轧制而不破裂，形成薄片的能力。金箔就是极佳范例。“Malleable” 听起来像 “mallet”（木槌）。
Hardness – istance to scratching, indentation or wear. Diamond is the hardest natural material. Think 'hard = hard to scratch'.
硬度 – 抵抗刮擦、压痕或磨损的能力。钻石是最硬的天然材料。记住“硬”就是不易刮花。
Toughness – the ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Opposite of brittle. A tough material bends before it breaks. 'Tough' like a tough guy who takes a hit and keeps going.
韧性 – 吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不折断的能力。与脆性相反。韧性材料在断裂前会弯曲。像硬汉扛住一拳还继续走。
2. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting – pouring molten metal into a mould and letting it solidify. Used for engine blocks. Visualise pouring juice into an ice-cube tray – same idea.
铸造 – 将熔融金属浇入模具，冷却凝固成型。用于发动机缸体。想想把果汁倒进制冰格——一个道理。
Forging – orces, often with a hammer or press, while the metal is hot. Produces strong, tough parts. 'Forge' = forceful shaping, like a blacksmith.
锻造 – 利用压力（锤击或压机）对热态金属进行塑形。能制造出高强度、高韧性的零件。“Forge” 即强力塑形，如同铁匠打铁。
Welding – s of metal by melting the surfaces and often adding a filler. The bond is permanent. Think 'weld = melt together'.
焊接 – 通过熔化接触面并常添加填充材料，使两金属件永久连接。记住“焊”就是“熔接”。
Brazing – 0 °C but below the melting point of the base metals. Capillary action draws the filler in. 'Brazing' uses brass filler sometimes; brass + brazing = similar sound.
硬钎焊 – 使用熔点高于450 °C但低于母材的填充材料进行连接，依靠毛细作用渗透。有时用黄铜作填料，“braze”与“brass”发音相近，辅助记忆。
Soldering – similar to brazing but at lower temperatures (below 450 °C), mainly for electronics. Soft solder is tin-lead or lead-free. 'Solder' for 'softer' joins.
软钎焊 – 类似硬钎焊，但温度低于450 °C，主要用于电子行业。焊料多为锡铅或无铅合金。“Solder”联想到“softer”（更软）的连接。
Machining – removing material using cutting tools to shape a workpiece. Drilling, turning (lathe) and milling are common. 'Machine' cuts away the unwanted.
机械加工 – 用切削刀具移除材料以成形工件。常见方法有钻孔、车削和铣削。“Machining”就是机器在“切掉”多余部分。
3. Mechanical Components | 机械部件
Gear – e and change speed or direction. A small gear driving a larger one increases torque. Think 'gear = teeth that shear force'.
齿轮 – 带齿的轮子，与另一齿轮啮合以传递转矩、改变转速或方向。小齿轮驱动大齿轮可增矩。想象“齿轮”是力的牙齿。
Pulley and belt – a wheel with a groove that carries a belt to transfer rotary motion between shafts. Often used when shafts are far apart. The belt 'pulls' the pulley.
皮带轮与皮带 – 带槽的轮配合皮带在两轴间传递回转运动。常用于轴距较远时。皮带“拉”动轮转动。
Lever – a rigid bar pivoted at a fulcrum, used to magnify force. Classes 1, 2 and 3 depend on relative positions of effort, load and fulcrum. 'Give me a lever and I shall move the world'.
杠杆 – 刚杆绕支点转动以放大力量。根据力、负载和支点位置分三类。“给我一个支点，我能撬动地球”。
Linkage – rigid links connected by joints to produce a desired motion, e.g. reverse-motion linkage. 'Link' = chain of connected parts.
连杆机构 – 由刚杆以铰链连接而成的组件，产生特定运动，如反向运动连杆。“Link”即连接起来的链条。
Bearing – a component that reduces friction between moving parts, supporting radial or axial loads. Ball bearings use rolling elements. 'Bearing' 'bears' the load and eases motion.
轴承 – 减少运动部件间摩擦的组件，承受径向或轴向载荷。滚珠轴承以滚动体工作。轴承“承载”且让转动顺滑。
4. Electronic Fundamentals | 电子基础
Voltage (V) – the electrical potential difference that pushes current through a circuit. Measured in volts (V). Think of it as electrical 'pressure'.
电压 (V) – 推动电流在回路中流动的电势差，单位为伏特。可类比为电的“压强”。
Current (I) – the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). It's the rate of charge flowing per second. 'I flow'.
电流 (I) – 电荷的流动，单位为安培。即每秒流过的电荷量。“I”就是流动。
Resistance (R) – opposition to current, measured in ohms (Ω). High resistance reduces current. A resistor adds deliberate resistance.
电阻 (R) – 对电流的阻碍作用，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。电阻高则电流小。电阻器专门增加电阻。
Ohm's Law: V = I × R
欧姆定律: V = I × R
Capacitor – stores electrical energy in an electric field; value in farads (F). Used for timing, smoothing. It 'capacitates' charge like a tiny battery. Memory: a 'cap' that collects charge.
电容器 – 在电场中储存电能，单位为法拉。用于定时和滤波。像一个小蓄电池，顶着“帽子”存电。
Diode – allows current in one direction only. Think of a one-way valve. LED is a light-emitting diode.
二极管 – 只允许电流单向导通，像一个单向阀。发光二极管就是能发光的二极管。
5. Structures and Loads | 结构件与载荷
Tension – a pulling force that stretches a material. Cables in a suspension bridge are in tension. 'Tension' = 'tensile' = 'stretch'.
拉力（拉伸） – 使材料伸展的牵引力。悬索桥的主缆承受拉力。记忆：拉就是拉长。
Compression – a pushing force that squashes a material. Concrete columns experience compression. 'Com-press' = press together.
压力（压缩） – 使材料缩短的推挤力。混凝土柱受压力。压缩即“往里压”。
Shear – a force that causes layers to slide past each other, like scissors cutting. Rivets resist shear. 'Shear' rhymes with 'shear' (scissors).
剪切力 – 使材料层发生相对滑移的力，如剪刀剪物。铆钉抗剪。剪切如同剪刀。
Torsion – a twisting force. A screwdriver shaft is under torsion. 'Torsion' = 'twist'.
扭转力 – 使物体扭转的力。螺丝刀杆承受扭转。就是“扭”。
Strut – a structural member designed to resist compression. Opposite of a tie. A strut 'struts' out to hold things up.
压杆 – 专门承受压力的结构构件，与拉杆相对。支撑着结构不弯曲。
Tie – a member under tension, holding structures together. 'Tie' – like tying a rope.
拉杆 – 承受拉力的构件，把结构拉紧。如同系绳子。
6. Energy Systems | 能量系统
Kinetic energy – energy of motion. A moving flywheel stores kinetic energy. Formula: KE = ½ × m × v².
动能 – 运动具有的能量。旋转的飞轮储存动能。公式：动能 = ½ × m × v²。
Potential energy – or condition. Gravitational potential energy = mgh. A raised weight has potential energy.
势能 – 因位置或状态而储存的能量。重力势能 = mgh。举高的重物具有势能。
Efficiency – otal input energy, often as a percentage. Efficiency = (useful output ÷ total input) × 100%. No system is 100% efficient.
效率 – 有用输出能量与总输入能量之比，多用百分比表示。效率 = (有用输出 ÷ 总输入) × 100%。任何系统效率都达不到100%。
Pneumatic – powered by compressed air. Pneumatic drills and brakes use air. 'Pneum' relates to 'pneumonia' – air, lungs. So compressed air.
气动 – 由压缩空气驱动。气钻、气刹都是气动。“Pneum”与“肺”同源，意味着气体。
Hydraulic – powered by pressurised liquid (oil). Hydraulic presses multiply force using Pascal's principle. 'Hydro' = water/liquid.
液压 – 由加压液体驱动。液压机利用帕斯卡原理放大力量。“Hydro”代表液体。
7. Health and Safety in Engineering | 工程中的健康与安全
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) – equipment worn to minimise exposure to hazards. Examples: goggles, gloves, hard hats, ear defenders. 'PPE' – Protect Person Everywhere.
个人防护装备 (PPE) – 用以减少危害暴露的穿戴装备，如护目镜、手套、安全帽、耳罩。PPE 就是“人身处处防护”。
Risk assessment – a systematic process of identifying hazards and evaluating the risks, then deciding on precautions. The 5 steps: identify, decide who might be harmed, evaluate risks and precautions, record, review.
风险评估 – 系统识别危险、评估风险并确定预防措施的过程。五步骤：识别、确定影响对象、评估风险与措施、记录、复核。
COSHH – Control of Substances Hazardous to Health. Regulations to protect workers from dangerous chemicals, fumes, dust. Think 'Coshh – Caution Of Substances Harmful to Health'.
有害健康物质控制规程 (COSHH) – 管控有害化学品、烟雾、粉尘的法规。记作“小心有害物质”。
Guarding – a physical barrier that prevents access to dangerous machine parts, like rotating blades. Fixed guards and interlocked guards are common. 'Guard' like a bodyguard.
防护罩/安全防护 – 物理屏障，防止接触旋转刀片等危险部件。有固定式和联锁式。“Guard”就是“保镖”。
8. Engineering Drawings and CAD | 工程图样与计算机辅助设计
Orthographic projection – a method of drawing a 3D object in 2D views (front, side, plan). Each view is aligned. Imagine the object in a glass box, projecting onto each face.
正交投影 – 在三个二维视图（前视、侧视、俯视）中表现三维物体的方法。各视图对齐。想象物体放在玻璃盒里，向各面投影。
Isometric drawing – equally inclined (30° to horizontal). No perspective; all parallel lines remain parallel. 'Iso' = equal, 'metric' = measure.
等轴测图 – 三根轴与水平线成30° 的三维示意图，无透视，平行线仍平行。“Iso”=相等，“metric”=度量。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) – software used to create precise 2D and 3D models. Enables easy modification, simulation and rendering. Memory: Computer Aided Drawing/Design.
计算机辅助设计 (CAD) – 用于精确构建二维和三维模型的软件，便于修改、仿真和渲染。记作“电脑辅助制图”。
Tolerance – sion. Example: 50 mm ± 0.2 mm. A tighter tolerance means higher precision but higher cost. 'Tolerate' a small error.
公差 – 尺寸允许的变动范围，如 50 mm ± 0.2 mm。公差越小精度越高，但成本也更高。容忍极小的偏差。
9. Quality Assurance and Control | 质量保证与控制
Quality assurance (QA) – ting defects during the manufacturing process. QA sets the standards and procedures. Think 'Assurance' = assured process.
质量保证 (QA) – 主动预防制造过程中出现缺陷的系统，重在制定标准与流程。“Assurance”即保证流程可靠。
Quality control (QC) – tive set of checks and tests on finished products to detect defects. Sampling, inspection. 'Control' = checking after production.
质量控制 (QC) – 对成品进行检验和测试以发现缺陷的被动方法，如抽样、检查。“Control”就是事后把关。
Inspection – measuring, examining or testing a product against a specification. Can be visual, dimensional or functional. A go/no-go gauge is a fast inspection tool.
检测 – 对照规格对产品进行测量、检查或试验。可用通止规快速检测。
Six Sigma – a data-driven methodology to reduce defects to 3.4 per million opportunities. Aims for near perfection. 6σ represents extremely low variation.
六西格玛 – 以数据驱动的改进方法，目标将缺陷率降至百万分之3.4，追求近乎完美。6σ 代表极低变异。
10. Automation and Programmable Logic | 自动化与可编程逻辑
PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) – an industrial digital computer used to control machinery. It receives inputs, runs a program, and sets outputs. 'PLC' – Programmed Logic Controls everything.
可编程逻辑控制器 (PLC) – 用于控制机械的工业数字计算机。接收输入信号，运行程序，驱动输出。PLC 就是“可编程逻辑主宰”。
Sensor – t, temperature, pressure) and sends a signal to the controller. Example: proximity sensor. 'Sensor' = senses the world.
传感器 – 检测物理量（光、温度、压力等）并向控制器发送信号的装置，如接近传感器。“Sensor”就是感知世界。
Actuator – l into motion or action. Electric motors, pneumatic cylinders and solenoids are actuators. 'Actuator' = actions something.
执行器 – 将控制信号转换为动作或运动的部件，如电机、气缸、电磁铁。执行器负责“执行”动作。
Open-loop system – a control system without feedback; the output has no influence on the input. Simple but less accurate. Like a toaster that runs for a set time regardless of toast colour.
开环系统 – 没有反馈的控制系统，输出不影响输入。简单但精度低。好比烤面包机按设定时间运行，不关心面包颜色。
Closed-loop system – t and maintain desired output. A thermostat controlling room temperature is a closed-loop. 'Closed' loop = feedback loop closed.
闭环系统 – 利用传感器反馈来调节输入，维持理想输出。如恒温器控制室温。闭环意为反馈回路闭合。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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