📚 Year 11 Edexcel Science: Quick Memorisation Guide for Key Vocabulary and Terminology | Year 11 Edexcel 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific terms is not just about passing exams — it is about building the language needed to think like a scientist. This guide breaks down the most important vocabulary from Biology, Chemistry, and Physics for Year 11 Edexcel students, using memory-friendly explanations, visual links, and paired translations to help you recall definitions under pressure. Each term is placed in context so you understand its meaning rather than just memorising words.
掌握科学术语不仅是为了通过考试，更是为了建构科学家思考所需的语言。本指南为 Year 11 Edexcel 学生分解了生物、化学和物理中最关键的词汇，采用便于记忆的解释、图像联想和双语对照翻译，帮助你在考试压力下仍能准确回忆定义。每个术语都放在语境中解读，让你真正理解其含义，而非死记硬背单词。
1. Command Words | 指令词
Before tackling subject terms, you must know what the question wants. 'State' means give a short, factual answer without explanation. 'Describe' asks you to paint a picture with words — what you see or what happens, not why. 'Explain' requires a scientific reason, often using 'because' to link a cause to an effect. 'Evaluate' means weigh up pros and cons and come to a reasoned conclusion.
在掌握学科术语之前，你必须先读懂题目要求。“State” 意为给出简短的事实性回答，无需解释。“Describe” 要求你用文字描绘画面——描述你看到或发生的现象，而非解释原因。“Explain” 则需要科学理由，通常用“因为”将原因与效果联系起来。“Evaluate” 意味着权衡利弊并得出合理的结论。
Common command word mix-ups cost marks every year. If asked to 'compare', you must mention both similarities and differences, using words like 'whereas' or 'however'. 'Suggest' means you apply your science knowledge to an unfamiliar scenario — there is often more than one acceptable answer.
每年都有学生因为混淆指令词而丢分。如果题目要求 “compare”，你必须提及相似点和不同点，使用 “whereas” 或 “however” 等连接词。“Suggest” 则意味着你将科学知识应用于陌生情境——通常不止一种可接受的答案。
Memory tip: Circle the command word before you start writing. Treat it as a mini checklist for sentence starters.
记忆技巧：动笔前圈出指令词，把它当作句子开头的迷你清单。
2. Cell Biology Vocabulary | 细胞生物学词汇
A 'eukaryote' is an organism whose cells contain a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, such as plants, animals, and fungi. 'Prokaryote' refers to single-celled organisms like bacteria that lack a true nucleus; their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm. The distinction hinges on the nucleus — 'eu' means true, 'pro' means before.
“Eukaryote”（真核生物）指细胞中含有由膜包裹的细胞核的生物，如植物、动物和真菌。“Prokaryote”（原核生物）指缺乏真正细胞核的单细胞生物，如细菌，其 DNA 游离在细胞质中。两者的区别关键在细胞核——“eu” 意为真正的，“pro” 意为之前的。
'Differentiation' describes the process by which a stem cell becomes specialised for a particular function, such as a red blood cell losing its nucleus or a root hair cell developing a long extension. In animal cells, the ability to differentiate is usually lost early, but plant cells retain it.
“Differentiation”（分化）描述了干细胞特化为特定功能细胞的过程，例如红细胞失去细胞核，或根毛细胞发展出长长的突起。动物细胞通常早期就丧失分化能力，而植物细胞则保留该能力。
Key organelles to recall: mitochondria are sites of aerobic respiration; ribosomes are protein factories; chloroplasts absorb light for photosynthesis. Always link structure to function — the folded inner membrane of a mitochondrion increases surface area for energy release.
需要记住的关键细胞器：线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所；核糖体是蛋白质工厂；叶绿体吸收光能进行光合作用。永远要把结构和功能联系起来——线粒体内膜折叠增大了能量释放的表面积。
3. Transport Mechanisms | 输运机制
'Diffusion' is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is passive — no energy is needed. 'Osmosis' is a special case of diffusion: the movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.
“Diffusion”（扩散）是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度进行，属于被动过程，不需要能量。“Osmosis”（渗透）是扩散的一种特殊情况：水分子通过半透膜，从稀溶液向较浓溶液移动。
'Active transport' moves substances against the concentration gradient, from low to high concentration. It requires energy from respiration and specific carrier proteins in the membrane. Think of it like a revolving door that needs electricity to push people through the wrong way.
“Active transport”（主动输运）逆浓度梯度移动物质，即从低浓度到高浓度。它需要呼吸作用提供的能量以及膜上的特定载体蛋白。可以把它想象成一扇需要电才能把人反方向推出去的旋转门。
Concentration terms often confuse: 'hypertonic' means a higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to leave; 'hypotonic' means lower solute outside, water enters; 'isotonic' is equal on both sides. Use 'hyper' = harder (more solute), 'hypo' = low.
浓度术语常令人混淆：“hypertonic”（高渗）指细胞外溶质浓度较高，导致水离开细胞；“hypotonic”（低渗）指外部溶质低，水进入细胞；“isotonic”（等渗）指两侧浓度相等。可借助 “hyper” = 更高（溶质多）、“hypo” = 低来记忆。
4. Atomic Structure and Bonding Essentials | 原子结构与化学键基础
An 'atom' is the smallest part of an element that still has its chemical properties. Subatomic particles matter: protons (positive, mass 1) and neutrons (neutral, mass 1) live in the nucleus; electrons (negative, negligible mass) orbit in shells. The 'atomic number' tells you the number of protons and defines the element. The 'mass number' is protons plus neutrons.
“Atom”（原子）是元素仍保持其化学性质的最小单元。亚原子粒子很重要：质子（带正电，质量 1）和中子（不带电，质量 1）位于原子核中；电子（带负电，质量可忽略）在电子层中绕核运动。“Atomic number”（原子序数）表示质子数，决定元素的身份。“Mass number”（质量数）为质子与中子数之和。
'Isotopes' are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They have identical chemical reactivity but different physical properties like density. Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are classic GCSE examples.
“Isotopes”（同位素）是同一元素具有相同质子数、但中子数不同的原子。它们的化学性质一致，但密度等物理性质不同。碳-12 和碳-14 是 GCSE 的经典例子。
Bonding rules: 'ionic bonding' occurs between metal and non-metal, where electrons are transferred to form ions that electrostatically attract. 'Covalent bonding' is between non-metals, sharing pairs of electrons. 'Metallic bonding' is the attraction between positive metal ions and a sea of delocalised electrons — this explains electrical conductivity and malleability.
化学键规则：“ionic bonding”（离子键）发生在金属与非金属之间，电子转移形成离子，通过静电引力结合。“Covalent bonding”（共价键）在非金属间共享电子对。“Metallic bonding”（金属键）是正金属离子与离域电子海之间的吸引力，这解释了金属的导电性和延展性。
5. Chemical Reactions and Equations | 化学反应与方程式
The 'law of conservation of mass' states that atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction — the total mass of products equals the total mass of reactants. This is why we balance equations, ensuring the same number of each atom appears on both sides. 'Relative atomic mass' (Aₙ) is the average mass of an atom compared to 1/12 of carbon-12.
“Law of conservation of mass”（质量守恒定律）指出，化学反应中原子既不会被创造也不会被消灭——生成物的总质量等于反应物的总质量。这就是我们要配平方程式的原因，确保每种原子的数量在两边相同。“Relative atomic mass”（相对原子质量，Aₙ）是原子平均质量与碳-12 的 1/12 之比。
A 'mole' is the unit for amount of substance. One mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro' ole calculations, understanding that a mole makes counting particles possible is powerful.
“Mole”（摩尔）是物质的量的单位。1 摩尔包含 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）。1 摩尔物质的质量即以克为单位的相对式量。虽然 GCSE 不要求复杂的摩尔计算，但理解摩尔让计量粒子变得可能，这一概念很有力。
Reaction types to know: 'neutralisation' is acid + alkali → salt + water; 'combustion' is a substance burning in oxygen to release energy; 'thermal decomposition' g heat. Always write state symbols: (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas, (aq) aqueous solution.
需掌握的反应类型：“neutralisation”（中和）是酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水；“combustion”（燃烧）是物质在氧气中燃烧释放能量；“thermal decomposition”（热分解）是加热使化合物分解。始终要写状态符号：(s) 固体，(l) 液体，(g) 气体，(aq) 水溶液。
6. Energy Changes and Rates | 能量变化与速率
In an 'exothermic' reaction, energy is transferred to the surroundings, usually as heat, so the temperature rises. Common examples are combustion and neutralisation. In an 'endothermic' reaction, energy is taken in from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop; thermal decomposition and some dissolving processes are endothermic.
在 “exothermic”（放热）反应中，能量传递给周围环境，通常以热的形式，因此温度升高。常见例子有燃烧和中和反应。在 “endothermic”（吸热）反应中，能量从周围环境吸收，导致温度下降；热分解和某些溶解过程是吸热的。
'Activation energy' is the minimum energy colliding particles need to react. You can show it on a reaction profile diagram as the hump between reactants and products. Catalysts lower activation energy without being used up, providing an alternative pathway.
“Activation energy”（活化能）是碰撞粒子发生反应所需的最低能量。你可以在反应曲线图上用反应物和生成物之间的峰来表示它。催化剂通过提供替代路径来降低活化能，且自身不被消耗。
Rate of reaction vocabulary: 'collision theory' says that for a reaction to occur, particles must collide with sufficient energy and correct orientation. Increasing concentration, pressure (for gases), or temperature all increase the frequency of successful collisions. A 'catalyst' increases rate without altering the products.
反应速率相关词汇：“collision theory”（碰撞理论）指出，发生反应需要粒子以足够的能量和正确的取向碰撞。增加浓度、压强（对气体）或温度都会增加成功碰撞的频率。“Catalyst”（催化剂）在不改变产物的前提下提高反应速率。
7. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
'Scalar' quantities have magnitude only, like speed, distance, mass and energy. 'Vector' quantities have both magnitude and direction: displacement, velocity, weight, acceleration. This distinction is crucial for full-mark answers — if you say velocity when you mean speed, you may lose precision marks.
“Scalar”（标量）只有大小，如速率、路程、质量和能量。“Vector”（矢量）既有大小又有方向：位移、速度、重量、加速度。这一区别对满分解答至关重要——如果你把速度说成速率，可能会失去精度分。
'Newton's First Law' states that if no resultant force acts on an object, its velocity remains constant — either at rest or moving at a steady speed in a straight line. 'Inertia' is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion and depends only on mass.
“Newton's First Law”（牛顿第一定律）指出，若无合力作用于物体，其速度保持不变——要么静止，要么匀速直线运动。“Inertia”（惯性）是物体抵抗运动状态变化的趋向，仅取决于质量。
'Resultant force' orces are balanced. Free-body diagrams help visualise this by showing arrows of varying lengths to represent forces.
“Resultant force”（合力）是所有力合成后作用在物体上的总力。它根据 F = m × a 决定加速度。如果合力为零，则受力平衡。自由体受力图通过不同长度的箭头表示力，帮助可视化。
8. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路
'Current' (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a single closed loop, current is the same everywhere. 'Potential difference' (V) is the energy transferred per unit of charge, measured in volts (V). It pushes current around the circuit — think of it as an electrical pressure.
“Current”（电流，I）是电荷流动的速率，单位是安培 (A)。在单一闭合回路中，各处电流相同。“Potential difference”（电势差，V）是单位电荷传递的能量，单位是伏特 (V)。它推动电荷在电路中流动——可理解为电压。
'Resistance' Components like fixed resistors, thermistors (resistance falls as temperature rises), and LDRs (resistance falls as light intensity increases) have specific behaviour you need to describe and explain.
“Resistance”（电阻，R）是衡量电流流动难易程度的量，单位是欧姆 (Ω)。关系式为 V = I × R。固定电阻、热敏电阻（电阻随温度升高而下降）和光敏电阻（LDR，电阻随光强增加而下降）等元件具有需要你描述和解释的特定行为。
Series and parallel circuits: in series, current is identical, but the potential difference is shared. In parallel, the current splits at junctions, but each branch gets the full battery potential difference. The rule 'current is conserved at junctions' is a key assessment target.
串联和并联电路：串联电路中各处电流相同，但电势差被分配。并联电路中电流在节点分流，但每条支路都获得完整的电池电势差。“电流在节点守恒”的规则是重要的考核目标。
9. Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum | 波与电磁波谱
'Amplitude' is the maximum displacement from the rest position — it relates to wave energy. 'Wavelength' (λ) is the distance between two successive identical points, such as crest to crest. 'Frequency' passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). The wave speed equation is v = f × λ.
“Amplitude”（振幅）是偏离平衡位置的最大位移，与波的能量相关。“Wavelength”（波长，λ）是两个连续相同点之间的距离，如波峰到波峰。“Frequency”（频率，f）是每秒通过某点的完整波数，单位是赫兹 (Hz)。波速方程为 v = f × λ。
'Transverse waves' have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer, like light and water waves. 'Longitudinal waves' have oscillations parallel to the direction of energy transfer, such as sound. In longitudinal waves, compressions are regions of high pressure, rarefactions of low pressure.
“Transverse waves”（横波）的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直，如光波和水波。“Longitudinal waves”（纵波）的振动方向与能量传递方向平行，如声波。纵波中，压缩区是高压区域，稀疏区是低压区域。
ll travel at the same speed in a vacuum (3 × 10⁸ m/s). Their uses and dangers are linked to their penetrating power and ionising ability.
电磁波谱按频率（和能量）递增的顺序为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。所有电磁波在真空中的速度相同 (3 × 10⁸ m/s)。其用途和危害与穿透能力和电离能力相关。
10. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传学与遗传
'DNA' is a polymer made of two strands coiled into a double helix. A 'gene' is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. 'Alleles' are different versions of the same gene — for example, brown eye allele and blue eye allele. 'Genotype' is the combination of alleles an organism has; 'phenotype' is the observable characteristic that results.
“DNA”（脱氧核糖核酸）是由两条链盘绕成双螺旋的聚合物。“Gene”（基因）是 DNA 上编码特定蛋白质的一段。“Alleles”（等位基因）是同一基因的不同版本——例如棕色眼等位基因和蓝色眼等位基因。“Genotype”（基因型）是生物体拥有的等位基因组合；“Phenotype”（表型）是产生的可观察特征。
A 'dominant' allele is always expressed even if only one copy is present; a 'recessive' allele is expressed only when two copies are present. 'Homozygous' means having two identical alleles for a trait (BB or bb); 'heterozygous' means having two different alleles (Bb). These terms are essential for monohybrid cross diagrams.
“Dominant”（显性）等位基因只要存在一份即会表达；“Recessive”（隐性）等位基因只有存在两份时才会表达。“Homozygous”（纯合）指某个性状有两个相同等位基因 (BB 或 bb)；“Heterozygous”（杂合）指有两个不同等位基因 (Bb)。这些术语对单因子杂交图至关重要。
Inheritance of sex: females have XX chromosomes, males have XY. The Y chromosome carries the 'SRY gene' that triggers male development. This is a classic context for interpreting Punnett squares and probability. Use the 3:1 ratio for heterozygous crosses explaining Mendel's findings.
性别遗传：女性有 XX 染色体，男性有 XY。Y 染色体携带触发雄性发育的“SRY 基因”。这是解读旁氏表及概率计算的经典背景。使用 3:1 比例来解释杂合子杂交，说明孟德尔的发现。
11. Earth Science and the Atmosphere | 地球科学与大气层
The Earth's early atmosphere came mainly from volcanic activity, releasing carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrogen, and trace methane and ammonia. Over billions of years, oceans formed as water vapour condensed, and CO₂ dissolved in seawater, forming carbonate precipitates that became sedimentary rocks.
地球早期大气主要来自火山活动，释放出二氧化碳、水蒸气、氮气以及微量的甲烷和氨气。数十亿年间，水蒸气冷凝形成海洋，二氧化碳溶解在海水中，形成碳酸盐沉淀，最终成为沉积岩。
'Greenhouse gases' — carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour — absorb infrared radiation reflected from the Earth's surface, keeping the planet warm. The 'enhanced greenhouse effect' is the additional warming from human activities like burning fossil fuels and farming livestock, which increases concentrations of these gases.
“Greenhouse gases”（温室气体）——二氧化碳、甲烷和水蒸气——吸收从地球表面反射的红外辐射，使地球保持温暖。“Enhanced greenhouse effect”（增强的温室效应）是人类活动（如燃烧化石燃料和畜牧业）导致的额外变暖，这些活动增加了温室气体的浓度。
'Carbon footprint' is the total amount of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a product, service, or event. Reducing it involves switching to renewable resources, carbon capture, or changes in behaviour. Questions often ask for evaluations of alternative fuels such as ethanol or hydrogen.
“Carbon footprint”（碳足迹）是指某个产品、服务或事件整个生命周期内排放的二氧化碳及其他温室气体的总量。减少碳足迹包括转向再生资源、碳捕集或行为改变。考题常要求评价乙醇或氢气等替代燃料。
12. Key Planning Vocabulary for Required Practicals | 实验必备规划词汇
'Independent variable' is the one you change deliberately. 'Dependent variable' is the one you measure. 'Control variables' are all the other factors you keep the same to ensure a fair test. In any exam question about an investigation, stating these three will earn marks for experimental design.
“Independent variable”（自变量）是你有意改变的变量。“Dependent variable”（因变量）是你测量的变量。“Control variables”（控制变量）是为确保公平测试而保持恒定不变的所有其他因素。在关于探究实验的任何考题中，明确这三者都能获得实验设计的分数。
'Accuracy' means how close a measurement is to the true value. 'Precision' relates to the consistency of repeated measurements — imagine a dartboard: tight grouping far from the bullseye is precise but not accurate. You improve accuracy by using appropriate, calibrated instruments.
“Accuracy”（准确度）指测量值与真值的接近程度。“Precision”（精密度）涉及重复测量的一致性——想象一个镖靶：远离靶心的密集弹着点精密度高但不准确。你可以通过使用合适且经过校准的仪器来提高准确度。
'Resolution' is the smallest change a measuring instrument can detect, like a thermometer that reads to 0.5 °C. 'Repeatable' results are obtained by the same person using the same method and equipment yielding the same results; 'reproducible' means others can obtain the same results using a different method. Knowing these distinctions strengthens the evaluation section of any required practical.
“Resolution”（分辨率）是测量仪器能检测到的最小变化，例如读数为 0.5 °C 的温度计。“Repeatable”（可重复）的结果是由同一人用相同方法和设备得出相同结果；“Reproducible”（可再现）则意味着他人在不同地点或用不同方法也能获得相同结果。理解这些区别能加强任何必修实验的评价部分。
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