📚 Year 11 Edexcel Science: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Principles | Year 11 Edexcel 科学：公式定理速查手册
This handbook brings together the most important formulas, equations, and scientific principles you will encounter in your Year 11 Edexcel Science course. Covering key topics from Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, each section pairs concise English explanations with their Chinese equivalents so you can revise with clarity and confidence. Learn to rearrange equations, apply concepts to unfamiliar situations, and walk into your exams prepared.
本手册汇集了你在 Year 11 Edexcel 科学课程中会遇到的最重要的公式、等式和科学原理。它涵盖了物理、化学和生物的关键主题，每个部分都将简洁的英文解释与中文配对，让你能以清晰的方式自信地复习。学会变形式子、将概念应用于陌生情境，从容应对考试。
1. Speed, Distance and Time | 速度、距离与时间
The relationship between average speed, distance travelled, and time taken is fundamental in Physics. Average speed is defined as the total distance covered divided by the total time.
v = d / t
The variables are: v = speed in metres per second (m/s), d = distance in metres (m), t (s). You can rearrange this to d = v × t or t = d / v. In graphs, the slope of a distance–time graph gives the speed, while the area under a speed–time graph gives the distance.
在物理中，平均速度、行驶距离与所用时间的关系是基础。平均速度的定义为总距离除以总时间。公式中 v 为速度（米/秒），d 为距离（米），t 为时间（秒）。你可以变形得到 d = v × t 或 t = d / v。在图像中，距离–时间图线的斜率表示速度，而速度–时间图线下的面积表示距离。
2. Acceleration and the SUVAT Equations | 加速度与匀加速运动方程
Acceleration measures how quickly velocity changes. It is a vector quantity and can be positive (speeding up) or negative (slowing down).
a = (v − u) / t
where a = acceleration (m/s²), v = final velocity (m/s), u = initial velocity (m/s), and t , five key SUVAT equations link displacement (s), initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), acceleration (a), and time (t).
| v = u + at | 末速度 = 初速度 + 加速度 × 时间 |
| s = ut + ½at² | 位移 = 初速度 × 时间 + ½ × 加速度 × 时间² |
| v² = u² + 2as | 末速度² = 初速度² + 2 × 加速度 × 位移 |
| s = ½(u + v)t | 平均速度 × 时间 = ½(初速度 + 末速度) × 时间 |
加速度衡量速度变化的快慢，为矢量，可为正（加速）或负（减速）。其中 a 为加速度（米/秒²），v 为末速度，u 为初速度，t 为时间。对于匀加速运动，五个 SUVAT 方程连接了位移 (s)、初速度 (u)、末速度 (v)、加速度 (a) 和时间 (t)。记住每个方程缺少哪个量，以便选择正确的公式。
3. Newton’s Second Law and Weight | 牛顿第二定律与重力
Newton’s Second Law states that the resultant force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration.
F = m × a
where F = force in newtons (N), m = mass in kilograms (kg), and a acceleration (m/s²). The greater the mass, the smaller the acceleration for a given force— s law where the acceleration is the gravitational field strength, g (on Earth ≈ 9.8 m/s²).
W = m × g
Weight, W fuse mass (kg) with weight (N). In free fall, the resultant force equals weight, so a = g.
牛顿第二定律指出，作用在物体上的合力等于物体的质量乘以其加速度。其中 F 为力（牛顿），m 为质量（千克），a 为加速度。质量越大，相同力下加速度越小，这就是惯性。重力是该定律的特例，此时加速度为重力场强度 g（地表约 9.8 m/s²）。重力 W 以牛顿为单位。切勿混淆质量（千克）与重力（牛顿）。在自由落体时，合力等于重力，故 a = g。
4. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能与功率
Work is done when a force moves an object through a distance in the direction of the force. Energy is transferred when work is done.
W = F × d
where W = work done in joules (J), F = force (N), d oved along the line of action (m). Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy.
P = W / t or P = E / t
P is power in watts (W), t watt equals 1 joule per second. In electrical contexts, power is also given by P = I × V.
当力使物体沿力的方向移动一段距离时，就做了功。做功时发生能量转移。其中 W 为功（焦耳），F 为力，d 为沿力方向移动的距离。功率是做功或转移能量的速率。P 为功率（瓦特），1 瓦特等于 1 焦耳/秒。在电学中，功率也可用 P = I × V 表示。
5. Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy | 动能与重力势能
Moving objects possess kinetic energy; the amount depends on mass and speed. Objects lifted above the ground store gravitational potential energy.
Eₖ = ½ m v²
Eₚ = m g h
In kinetic energy, m is mass (kg), v is speed (m/s). In gravitational potential energy, g is gravitational field strength (N/kg), and h tem, the total energy is conserved; Eₖ lost = Eₚ gained when air resistance is negligible.
运动的物体具有动能，其大小取决于质量和速度。被举高的物体储存重力势能。动能公式中 m 为质量，v 为速度；重力势能公式中 g 为重力场强度，h 为高度变化。在封闭系统中，总能量守恒；忽略空气阻力时，动能损失等于势能增加。
6. Ohm’s Law and Electrical Power | 欧姆定律与电功率
For a metallic conductor at constant temperature, the current flowing through it is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. This is Ohm’s Law.
V = I × R
where V = potential difference in volts (V), I = current in amperes (A), and R not obeyed by components such as diodes or filament lamps. Electrical power dissipated in a component can be found using:
P = I × V and P = I² × R
ed in a circuit is E = P × t, and often measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) for domestic use.
对于温度恒定的金属导体，流过它的电流与其两端的电势差成正比，这就是欧姆定律。V 为电压（伏特），I 为电流（安培），R 为电阻（欧姆）。二极管或灯丝等元件不遵守欧姆定律。元件消耗的电功率可用 P = I × V 和 P = I² × R 求得。电路中转移的能量 E = P × t，家庭用电常用千瓦时（kWh）计量。
7. Wave Speed and the Wave Equation | 波速与波方程
All waves—whether transverse like light or longitudinal like sound—obey the wave equation linking speed, frequency, and wavelength.
v = f × λ
v = wave speed (m/s), f = frequency in hertz (Hz), λ v = c ≈ 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s. The period T of a wave is the inverse of the frequency: T = 1 / f.
所有波——无论是像光这样的横波，还是像声音这样的纵波——都遵循联系波速、频率和波长的波方程。其中 v 为波速，f 为频率（赫兹），λ 为波长（米）。电磁波在真空中传播时 v = c ≈ 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s。波的周期 T 是频率的倒数：T = 1 / f。
8. Moles, Mass and Concentration | 摩尔、质量与浓度
les (Avogadro’s constant). The mass of one mole of a substance is its molar mass in g/mol.
moles = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol)
In solution, concentration is measured in mol/dm³.
concentration (mol/dm³) = moles / volume (dm³)
m³ = 1 litre. You can combine these relationships to calculate reacting masses and titres.
摩尔是化学中物质的量的核心单位。1 摩尔的任何物质都含有精确的 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）。1 摩尔物质的质量即其摩尔质量（g/mol）。对溶液而言，浓度以 mol/dm³ 为单位。注意 1 dm³ = 1000 cm³ = 1 升。你可以结合这些关系式计算反应质量和滴定结果。
9. Bond Energy Calculations and Enthalpy Change | 键能计算与焓变
In a chemical reaction, bonds in reactants are broken and new bonds in products are formed. Energy is absorbed to break bonds and released when bonds form. The overall energy change (ΔH) can be approximated using average bond energies.
ΔH = Σ (bond energies broken) − Σ (bond energies made)
If more energy is released than absorbed, the reaction is exothermic (ΔH negative); if more energy is absorbed, it is endothermic (ΔH positive). Bond energies are given in kJ/mol. Draw the displayed formula to count the bonds correctly.
在化学反应中，反应物的化学键断裂，产物的新化学键形成。断裂键需要吸收能量，形成键则释放能量。总能量变化（ΔH）可用平均键能近似计算：ΔH = 断裂键的总键能 − 形成键的总键能。若释放的能量多于吸收的能量，反应为放热反应（ΔH 为负）；反之为吸热反应（ΔH 为正）。键能以 kJ/mol 给出。画出结构式可正确计算键数。
10. Magnification and Microscopy Calculations | 放大率与显微镜计算
In Biology, you often need to calculate the actual size of a specimen from a microscope image or diagram. The magnification formula is:
M = I / A
where M = magnification (no units), I = image size, and A = actual size. Both I and A must be in the same units—usually millimetres (mm) or micrometres (µm). Rearranging gives A = I / M or I = M × A. Remember: 1 mm = 1000 µm.
在生物学中，你经常需要根据显微镜图像或图解计算标本的实际大小。放大率公式为：M = 图像尺寸 / 实际尺寸。其中 M 为放大率（无单位），I 为图像大小，A 为实际大小。两者必须使用相同单位，通常是毫米或微米。变形可得 A = I / M 或 I = M × A。记住 1 mm = 1000 µm。
11. Q10 and Enzyme Activity | Q10 与酶活性
Enzyme-controlled reactions are highly temperature-dependent. The Q10 coefficient estimates how much the rate of reaction changes when the temperature is increased by 10 °C.
Q₁₀ = rate at (T + 10) °C / rate at T °C
enzyme catalysed reactions, Q₁₀ ≈ 2, meaning the rate roughly doubles for every 10 °C rise— ure. At very low temperatures, molecules move too slowly and enzymes show little activity.
酶控反应高度依赖温度。Q10 系数用于估算温度每升高 10 °C 时反应速率的变化倍数。对于许多酶催化反应，Q₁₀ ≈ 2，意味着温度每升高 10 °C 速率大约加倍——直到超过最适温度后酶变性失活。极低温度下分子运动过慢，酶活性极低。
12. Photosynthesis and Respiration Equations | 光合作用与呼吸作用方程式
These are the two fundamental biochemical processes you must know for Edexcel Science. Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Aerobic respiration releases energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen.
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
Notice that aerobic respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis. Both processes involve electron transfer and the cycling of energy via ATP.
这是 Edexcel 科学中你必须掌握的两种基础生化过程。光合作用将光能转化为储存在葡萄糖中的化学能。有氧呼吸在氧气参与下释放葡萄糖中的能量。注意到有氧呼吸与光合作用本质上互为逆过程，两者都涉及电子传递和通过 ATP 进行的能量循环。
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